development and aging questions Flashcards
2 stages in the 1st trimester? what is established in each?
ENBRYOGENIC - FORMATION OF 2 POPULATIONS (PLURIPETENT AND EXTRAEMBRYONIC)
EMBRYONIC - ESTABLISHMENT OF GERM LAYERS AND BODY PLAN
what 3 things happen in compaction
OUTER CELLS CHANGE SHAPE
INNER CELLS CLUSTER AT ONE END
OUTER CELLS BECOME POLARISED AND FORM TIGHT JUNCTION AND DESMOSOMES
when does hatching occur?
day 5-6
in periimplantation what 2 cell types does the trophoectoderm divide into?
cytotrophoblasts and syncitiotrophoblasts
what does the top layer of the epiblast become?
amnion
what happens in gastrulation
GROOVE FORMS ACROSS BILAMINAR DISC. CALLED THE PRIMITIVE STREAK
FORMATION OF A NODE CONTAINING DEPRESSION CALLED PIMITIVE PIT
EPIBLAST CELLS MIGRATE THROUGH AND REPLACE HYPOBLAST, MORE MIGRATE THROUGH.CALLED INVAGINATION
what organs are derived from the endoderm?
gi tract liver pancreas lung thyroid
what organs are derived from ectoderm
skin
cns
mesoderm derived?
muscle, blood, kidneys, bone
what are the 2 somite derived tissies?
SCLEROTOME - BECOMES VERTEBRAE, CARTILAGE OF ROBS
DERMOMYOTOME - BECOMES DERMATONE AND MYOTOME
what does the absence of the SRY gene lead to?
ovary development with the FOXL2 tf
what is genomic imprinting
A PHENOMOMION SEENWHERE PARTICALUR GENES ARE ONLY TRANSCRIBED FROM ONE PARENT RATHER THAN BOTH. DUE TO METHYL GORUPS
which gene mitation may see repeated hydatidiform moles
NLRP7
how may cigarettes increase ectopic pregnancy risk
contanin is increased. changes PROKR1
changes the smooth muscle cotractions
contanine also increases proaptosis expression
smoke inhibits cillia
how may cannabis increase risk of ectopic pregnancy?
CAUSES CANNABINOID AND CANNABINOID RECEOTOR IMBALANCE
MAY ACT DIRECTLY OR ALTER THE BALANCE
LOSS OF CB1R MEANS MORE ECTOPIC PREGNANCY
how is nutrition obtained in first trimester
histeotrophic
how do they recieve nutrition in 2nd trimester
haemotropic nutrition
what does the chorion give rise to
chorionic villi
what dies the allantois become? how?
umbilical chord after being coated in mesoderm
3 phases of villi development?
OUTFROWTH OF CYTOTROPHOBLAST
GROWTH OF FETAL MESODERM INTO THESE VILLI
GROWTH OF UMBILICAL ARTERY AND VEIN INTO MESODERM
how does maternal blood change in pregnancy?
INCREASE CO,
INCREASE BLOOD VOLUME,
REDUCTION IN PERIPHERAL REISTANCE, INCREASE IN PULMONARY VENTILATION
what happens in cervical ripening
INCREASE IN HYALIRON DEPOSITION AND IMMUNE CELL INFILTRATION (IL6 AND 8)
what happens in cervical dilation
INCREASE IN HYALURONIDASE EXPRESSION AND METALLOPROTEINASES BREAK DOWN COLLAGEN
how does the fetus determine the timing of partruition?
REOEASES CRH
CAUSES INCREASE IN FOETAL AND PLACENTAL CORTISOL AND CRH BY POS FEEDBACK.
THIS ALSO INCREASES DHEAS, INCREASING SUBSTRATE FOR ESTROGEN PRODUCTION
via which receptor does oxytocin signal
OXTR
what happens to OXTR before labour?
IT IS U[REGULATED BY OESTROGEN ,
INHIBITED BY PROGESTERONE BEFORE LABOUT
3 roles of oxytocin?
- INCREASES CONNECTVITIY OF MYOCYTES IN MYOPETRIUM
- DESTABILISES MEMBRANE POTENTIAL TO LOWER THRESHOLD FO CONTRANTIO
- LIBERTATES INTRACELLULAR CALCIUM FOR CONTRACTION
how does risking oestrogen drive prostaglandin production?
ESTROGEN ACTIVATES PHOSPHOLIPASE A2 TO GENERATE MORE ARACHIDONIC ACID FOR PG SYNTHESIS
E2 STIMULATES OXTR, WHICH PROMOTES PG RELEASE
role of pge2
cervical remodelling
role of pgf2
contractions - destabilse membrane potentials
pgi2
promotes smooth muscle relaxation and relaxation of lower uterine segment
what is needed for a dianosis if pre eclampsia
NEW ONSET HYPERTENSION AFTER 20 WEEKS
risk factors for pe
PBESITY, FAMILY HISTORY, PREVIOSU PE HYPERTENSION, LACK OF EXERCISE IVF, DIABETES, PCOS
risks of pe to the mother
low organ perfusion
death
eclampsia
placental abruption
what do pglfs do?
proangiogeneic and encourage remodelling
how can undernutrition in utero cause issues?
EXCESSIVE GROWTH POST NATALLY
FETAL DEVELOPMENT ALTERS FOETAL METABOLISM, LEAFING TO EPIGENETIC CHANGES
6 fundamentals of screening?
EARLY TEST - REDUCE MORBIDITY OR MORTALITY EASY TEST COST EFFECTIVE TREATABLE DISEASE REPRODUCABLE
