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GI cancers > development and aging questions > Flashcards

development and aging questions Flashcards

1
Q

2 stages in the 1st trimester? what is established in each?

A

ENBRYOGENIC - FORMATION OF 2 POPULATIONS (PLURIPETENT AND EXTRAEMBRYONIC)

EMBRYONIC - ESTABLISHMENT OF GERM LAYERS AND BODY PLAN

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2
Q

what 3 things happen in compaction

A

OUTER CELLS CHANGE SHAPE

INNER CELLS CLUSTER AT ONE END

OUTER CELLS BECOME POLARISED AND FORM TIGHT JUNCTION AND DESMOSOMES

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3
Q

when does hatching occur?

A

day 5-6

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4
Q

in periimplantation what 2 cell types does the trophoectoderm divide into?

A

cytotrophoblasts and syncitiotrophoblasts

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5
Q

what does the top layer of the epiblast become?

A

amnion

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6
Q

what happens in gastrulation

A

GROOVE FORMS ACROSS BILAMINAR DISC. CALLED THE PRIMITIVE STREAK

FORMATION OF A NODE CONTAINING DEPRESSION CALLED PIMITIVE PIT

EPIBLAST CELLS MIGRATE THROUGH AND REPLACE HYPOBLAST, MORE MIGRATE THROUGH.CALLED INVAGINATION

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7
Q

what organs are derived from the endoderm?

A 
gi tract
liver 
pancreas 
lung 
thyroid
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8
Q

what organs are derived from ectoderm

A

skin

cns

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9
Q

mesoderm derived?

A

muscle, blood, kidneys, bone

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10
Q

what are the 2 somite derived tissies?

A

SCLEROTOME - BECOMES VERTEBRAE, CARTILAGE OF ROBS

DERMOMYOTOME - BECOMES DERMATONE AND MYOTOME

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11
Q

what does the absence of the SRY gene lead to?

A

ovary development with the FOXL2 tf

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12
Q

what is genomic imprinting

A

A PHENOMOMION SEENWHERE PARTICALUR GENES ARE ONLY TRANSCRIBED FROM ONE PARENT RATHER THAN BOTH. DUE TO METHYL GORUPS

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13
Q

which gene mitation may see repeated hydatidiform moles

A

NLRP7

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14
Q

how may cigarettes increase ectopic pregnancy risk

A

contanin is increased. changes PROKR1
changes the smooth muscle cotractions

contanine also increases proaptosis expression

smoke inhibits cillia

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15
Q

how may cannabis increase risk of ectopic pregnancy?

A

CAUSES CANNABINOID AND CANNABINOID RECEOTOR IMBALANCE

MAY ACT DIRECTLY OR ALTER THE BALANCE
LOSS OF CB1R MEANS MORE ECTOPIC PREGNANCY

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16
Q

how is nutrition obtained in first trimester

A

histeotrophic

17
Q

how do they recieve nutrition in 2nd trimester

A

haemotropic nutrition

18
Q

what does the chorion give rise to

A

chorionic villi

19
Q

what dies the allantois become? how?

A

umbilical chord after being coated in mesoderm

20
Q

3 phases of villi development?

A

OUTFROWTH OF CYTOTROPHOBLAST

GROWTH OF FETAL MESODERM INTO THESE VILLI

GROWTH OF UMBILICAL ARTERY AND VEIN INTO MESODERM

21
Q

how does maternal blood change in pregnancy?

A

INCREASE CO,
INCREASE BLOOD VOLUME,
REDUCTION IN PERIPHERAL REISTANCE, INCREASE IN PULMONARY VENTILATION

22
Q

what happens in cervical ripening

A

INCREASE IN HYALIRON DEPOSITION AND IMMUNE CELL INFILTRATION (IL6 AND 8)

23
Q

what happens in cervical dilation

A

INCREASE IN HYALURONIDASE EXPRESSION AND METALLOPROTEINASES BREAK DOWN COLLAGEN

24
Q

how does the fetus determine the timing of partruition?

A

REOEASES CRH

CAUSES INCREASE IN FOETAL AND PLACENTAL CORTISOL AND CRH BY POS FEEDBACK.

THIS ALSO INCREASES DHEAS, INCREASING SUBSTRATE FOR ESTROGEN PRODUCTION

25
Q

via which receptor does oxytocin signal

A

OXTR

26
Q

what happens to OXTR before labour?

A

IT IS U[REGULATED BY OESTROGEN ,

INHIBITED BY PROGESTERONE BEFORE LABOUT

27
Q

3 roles of oxytocin?

A
  • INCREASES CONNECTVITIY OF MYOCYTES IN MYOPETRIUM
  • DESTABILISES MEMBRANE POTENTIAL TO LOWER THRESHOLD FO CONTRANTIO
  • LIBERTATES INTRACELLULAR CALCIUM FOR CONTRACTION
28
Q

how does risking oestrogen drive prostaglandin production?

A

ESTROGEN ACTIVATES PHOSPHOLIPASE A2 TO GENERATE MORE ARACHIDONIC ACID FOR PG SYNTHESIS

E2 STIMULATES OXTR, WHICH PROMOTES PG RELEASE

29
Q

role of pge2

A

cervical remodelling

30
Q

role of pgf2

A

contractions - destabilse membrane potentials

31
Q

pgi2

A

promotes smooth muscle relaxation and relaxation of lower uterine segment

32
Q

what is needed for a dianosis if pre eclampsia

A

NEW ONSET HYPERTENSION AFTER 20 WEEKS

33
Q

risk factors for pe

A 
PBESITY, 
FAMILY HISTORY, 
PREVIOSU PE 
HYPERTENSION, 
LACK OF EXERCISE 
IVF, 
DIABETES,
 PCOS
34
Q

risks of pe to the mother

A

low organ perfusion
death
eclampsia
placental abruption

35
Q

what do pglfs do?

A

proangiogeneic and encourage remodelling

36
Q

how can undernutrition in utero cause issues?

A

EXCESSIVE GROWTH POST NATALLY

FETAL DEVELOPMENT ALTERS FOETAL METABOLISM, LEAFING TO EPIGENETIC CHANGES

37
Q

6 fundamentals of screening?

A 
EARLY TEST - 
REDUCE MORBIDITY OR MORTALITY  
EASY TEST 
COST EFFECTIVE 
TREATABLE DISEASE 
REPRODUCABLE

GI cancers (18 decks)

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