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Haematology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the common causes of iron deficiency anemia?

A

Blood loss (menorrhagia, GI bleeding), poor diet, malabsorption, hookworm

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2
Q

What are the two types of thalassemia, and which globin chains are affected in each?

A

α-thalassemia (ɑ-globin chains), β-thalassemia (β-globin chains)

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3
Q

What is a common symptom seen in both α-thalassemia and β-thalassemia?

A

Splenomegaly

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4
Q

What characteristic feature is seen in the bone marrow of sideroblastic anemia?

A

Ringed sideroblasts

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5
Q

What is the primary treatment for iron deficiency anemia?

A

Ferrous sulfate 200mg/8h continued for >3mo after Hb normalizes

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6
Q

What is a hallmark symptom of sickle cell disease?

A

Vaso-occlusive “painful” crisis

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7
Q

What is the recommended treatment for acute chest syndrome in sickle cell disease?

A

O2, fluids, PCA, antibiotics ± blood transfusion

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8
Q

What distinguishes chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) in blood tests?

A

High lymphocytes

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9
Q

What mutation is commonly associated with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)?

A

Philadelphia chromosome, t(9;22)

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10
Q

What coagulation disorder is associated with the presence of Livedo reticularis?

A

Antiphospholipid syndrome

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11
Q

When is testing for thrombophilia recommended?

A

Criteria include a history of thrombosis, unexplained thrombosis at a young age, recurrent pregnancy loss, or a family history of thrombosis.

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12
Q

What are the diagnostic criteria for myeloma?

A

Monoclonal band in serum or urine, increased plasma cells on bone marrow biopsy, evidence of end-organ damage

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13
Q

What symptom is often seen in myelofibrosis?

A

Pruritis after a hot bath

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14
Q

What are the common symptoms of iron deficiency anemia?

A

Fatigue, koilonychia, atrophic glossitis, angular cheilosis

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15
Q

What characteristic finding is observed in the blood film of sickle cell disease?

A

Sickle cells and target cells

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16
Q

What is the primary treatment for thrombocytosis in essential thrombocythemia?

A

Aspirin, hydroxyurea/hydroxycarbamide

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17
Q

What is the common diagnostic test for inherited thrombophilia? (antiphospholipid syndrome)

A

Anti-cardiolipin, high aPTT, low platelet count

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18
Q

What are the characteristic symptoms of Hodgkin lymphoma?

A

Lymphadenopathy (usually regional, alcohol-induced pain), hepatosplenomegaly, B symptoms

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19
Q

What is the primary symptom in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)?

A

Pentad of fever, renal failure, hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, neurological changes

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20
Q

What is the primary cause of vitamin B12 deficiency?

A

Malabsorption (pernicious anemia, post-gastrectomy, bowel resection, Crohn’s disease)

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21
Q

What complications are commonly associated with thalassemia?

A

Failure to thrive, splenomegaly, bone hypertrophy

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22
Q

What symptoms are commonly observed in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)?

A

Bone marrow failure (anaemia, infection, bleeding), lymphadenopathy

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23
Q

What is a primary symptom observed in acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML)?

A

Gum hypertrophy, hepatosplenomegaly

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24
Q

What is the diagnostic test for von Willebrand’s disease?

A

Factor VIII and vWF assay

25
Q

What complications are associated with myelofibrosis?

A

Tear-drop poikilocytes

26
Q

What symptoms are commonly observed in immune thrombocytopenic purpura?

A

Bleeding - petechiae, bruising, B-symptoms, hepatosplenomegaly

27
Q

What characteristic finding is observed in the blood film of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)?

A

Lymphocytes, smear/smudge cells

28
Q

What is a key feature observed in the blood film of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)?

A

Granulocytic cells at different stages of differentiation

29
Q

What are the common causes of microcytic hypochromic anemia?

A

Iron deficiency, thalassemia, sideroblastic anemia

30
Q

What diagnostic test confirms the presence of thalassemia?

A

Hemoglobin electrophoresis, DNA testing

31
Q

What diagnostic feature is seen in the blood test of essential thrombocythemia?

A

Isolated high platelets

32
Q

What characteristic finding is observed in the biopsy of Hodgkin lymphoma?

A

Reed Sternburg cells

33
Q

Antibodies seen in pernicious anaemia

A

Intrinsic factor and anti-parietal cell antibodies

34
Q

Which clotting factors are deficient in Haemophilia A and B

A

8 and 9 respectively

35
Q

1st and 2nd line treatments of haemophilia A

A

Desmopressin&raquo_space; Factor VIII + tranexamic acid

36
Q

What is prolonged in VwF?

A

Prolonged bleeding time and APTT

37
Q

Rona’s tapped mnemonic for vitamin absorption sites

A

Dude Is Just Feeling Ill Bro

Duodenum for iron; jejunum for folate; ileum for B12

38
Q

Where is iron absorbed?

A

Duodenum

39
Q

Where is folate absorbed?

A

Jejunum

40
Q

Where is B12 absorbed?

A

Ileum

41
Q

How do we differentiate between essential and immune thrombocytopaenia

A

Essential thrombocytopaenia in older patients. ITP is preceded by URTI or illness

42
Q

Most common leukaemia in adults in the Western world

A

B cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia

43
Q

How does B cell CLL present in most patients

A

Generalised lymphadenopathy, and hepatosplenomegaly

44
Q

‘CRAB’ features of multiple myeloma

A

hyperCalcaemia, Renal failure, Anaemia (and thrombocytopenia) and Bone fractures/lytic lesions

45
Q

Investigation of choice in suspected multiple myeloma and result

A

Monoclonal band on serum electrophoresis.

46
Q

What is seen on blood film in myelofibrosis?

A

‘tear-drop’ poikilocytes

47
Q

Bloods that are raised in myelofibrosis + mutations

A

Raised LDH and uric acid + JAK2 V617F mutation

48
Q

Causes of DIC

A

Sepsis, trauma, infection

49
Q

What is seen on bloods in DIC?

A

Low fibrinogen

50
Q

What type of anaemia is B12 deficiency?

A

Megaloblastic, macrocytic anaemia

51
Q

Differentials for macrocytic anaemia

A
  • Folate deficiency
  • Hypothyroidism
  • Reticulocytosis
  • Liver disease
  • Myeloproliferative/ myelodysplastic disease
  • Chronic alcohol excess
52
Q

Where exactly is intrinsic factor secreted?

A

Parietal cells of stomach

53
Q

If a patient was found to be deficient in both B12 and folate, how should this be managed, and why?

A

B12 replacement before folate replacement, due to risk of precipitating subacute degeneration of the spinal cord

54
Q

Blood marker used to identify Granulomatosis with polyangiitis

A

cANCA positive

55
Q

Symptoms of Granulomatosis with polyangiitis

A
  • upper respiratory tract: epistaxis, sinusitis, nasal crusting
  • lower respiratory tract: dyspnoea, haemoptysis
  • rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (‘pauci-immune’, 80% of patients)
    saddle-shape nose deformity
56
Q

Which type of cancer is associated with pernicious anaemia?

A

Gastric cancer

57
Q

Which cancer does Polycythemia rubra Vera typically progress to?

A

AML

58
Q

What test is used to confirm autoimmune haemolytic anaemia

A

Direct Coomb’s test

59
Q

Which type of pneumonia is associated with autoimmune haemolytic anaemia?

A

Mycoplasma pneumonia

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