Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Reproductive > Gynaecological Cancer > Flashcards

Gynaecological Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common pelvic mass?

A

Pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the most common uterine mass?

A

Fibroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the most common ovarian mass?

A

Ovarian cyst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the most common symptom of cervical cancer?

A

Post-coital bleeding and/or intermenstrual bleeding.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are non-gynaecological causes of pelvic mass?

A

Urinary distension
Bowel tumours
Appendicular abscess

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What triad is involved in Meig’s syndrome?

A

Benign ovarian mass (usually a fibroma)
Ascites
Pleural effusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does a new onset IBS in an individual over 50 raise suspicion of?

A

Ovarian cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What must always be rule out in a woman of childbearing age that presents with a pelvic mass?

A

Pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What investigations are carried out in the context of an ovarian mass?

A 
Tumour markers
USS
MRI (if premenopause)
CT (if postmenopause)
Urine pregnancy test
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What marker is elevated in ovarian cancer?

A

Ca-125

Not always true, use to aid diagnosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Is the CEA marker detectable in adults?

A

No, only elevated in the context of ovarian cancer.

May also appear in other conditions too (non-specific).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does a Ca-125 :CEA ratio of <25 suggest?

A

Ovarian metastases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

When is AFP raised?

A

Embryonal carcinoma if less than 40.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

When is HCG raised?

A

Choriocarcinoma if less than 40.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

When is LDH raised?

A

Dysgerminoma if less than 40.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

In which age group are germ cell tumours most common?

A

Under 40yo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the most common type of benign ovarian mass?

A

Functional cysts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How do functional cysts present?

A

Sharp iliac-fossa pain.

Usually less than 5cm, and will resolve spontaneously.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are ‘chocolate’ cysts characteristic of?

A

Endometriosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How does endometriosis present?

A

Chocolate cysts
Severe dysmenorrhoea
Pain
Deep dypareunia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Does endometriosis affect fertility?

A

Yes - these patients are sub-fertile.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is dypareunia?

A

A persistent or recurrent genital pain experienced before, during or after intercourse.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How are the ‘chocolate cysts’ of endometriosis formed?

A

In endometriosis, cells of the ovary develop resembling the womb - these bleed during menstruation too.

Accumulation of this blood leads to the ‘chocolate’ appearance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Where is tenderness felt in endometriosis?

A

Behind the uterus.

Caused by attachment of the ovaries together in the pouch of Douglas.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Which age group are benign ovarian masses most commonly seen in?

A

Young females

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What benign mass can produce teeth, hair,sebaceous material or thyroid tissue within the ovaries?

A

Dermoid cysts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How are benign ovarian masses treated?

A

OC pill
GnRH agonists
Surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is a common presentation of ovarian cancer?

A

Ascites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How is ovarian cancer treated?

A

Chemotherapy and surgery

30
Q

What is the most common form of ovarian cancer?

A

Germ cell tumour

31
Q

What is neoadjuvant chemotherapy?

A

Chemotherapy which is given prior to surgery with the aim of shrinking a tumour, increasing the chance of a surgery being successful.

32
Q

What is adjuvant chemotherapy?

A

Chemotherapy given after surgery aimed at killing any remnant cancer cells missed by surgery.

33
Q

What is the main cause of cervical cancer?

A

HPV

34
Q

What age group receive smear tests?

A

25-65 year olds.

35
Q

How regularly are smear tests carried out normally?

A

Every 5 years

36
Q

Is sex a risk factor for cervical cancer?

A

Yes - it is the only way HPV can be contracted.

If no sex occurs, there is no risk.

37
Q

What are the 2 forms of cervical cancer treatment?

A

Cold coagulation

Lietz

38
Q

What is the most common form of gynaecological cancer?

A

Uterine cancer

39
Q

What encompasses a hysterectomy?

A

Removal of the uterus and cervix.

40
Q

How is vulval cancer treated?

A

Wide local excision (1cm margin)

41
Q

What are pathological causes of uterine bleeding?

A

Polyps
Endometriosis
Adenomyosis
Leiomyomata

42
Q

Is endometrial hyperplasia a premalignant state?

A

No, unless it is the atypical subtype - then yes.

43
Q

What age group is most commonly affected by endometrial carcinoma?

A

50-60 year olds.

44
Q

What can predispose to endometrial cancer in young patients?

A

PCOS

Lynch syndrome

45
Q

What does atypical hyperplasia precede?

A

Endometrioid carcinoma

46
Q

What does serous intraepithelial carcinoma precede?

A

Serous carcinoma

47
Q

How does endometrial carcinoma commonly present?

A

Abnormal bleeding usually sporadic/continuous bleeding post-menopause

OR

Intermenstrual bleeding in those of reproductive age.

48
Q

What are the 2 subtypes of endometrial cancer?

A

Endometrioid carcinoma

Serous carcinoma

49
Q

Which form of endometrial carcinoma is associated with unopposed oestrogen?

A

Endometrioid carcinoma

50
Q

What is lynch syndrome?

A

An autosomal dominant disease caused by inheritance of a defective mismatch repair gene.

51
Q

What is normally the cause of serous carcinoma of the endometrium?

A

p53 mutation

52
Q

What is prognosis of an endometrial carcinoma dependent on?

A

Staging
Histological grade (in cases of endometrioid only)
Depth of myometrial invasion

53
Q

What are fibroids associated with?

A

Heavy, prolonged, painful periods.

May also cause infertility.

54
Q

What are the malignant tumours of the myometrium called?

A

Leiomyosarcomas

55
Q

What condition do follicular cysts develop in?

A

PCOS

56
Q

What is endometriosis?

A

The presence of endometrial gland and stroma outwith the uterine body.

57
Q

How is ovarian cancer usually diagnosed?

A

Sampling of ascitic fluid.

58
Q

What is the presence of embryonic elements within a germ cell tumour called?

A

An immature teratoma

59
Q

What must be ruled out in a woman of reproductive age presenting with amenorrhoea and an acute abdomen?

A

Ectopic pregnancy

60
Q

What is the most common site for an ectopic pregnancy?

A

Fallopian tube

61
Q

How is cervical cancer treated?

A

Radical surgery.

In advanced disease, radical chemotherapy and radiotherapy may be given.

62
Q

What % of oropharyngeal tumours are linked to HPV?

A

80%

Linked to oral sex.

63
Q

What are risk factors for HOV-related cancer?

A

Smoking
Early age onset intercourse
High risk male
Multiple partners

64
Q

What is brachytherapy?

A

Insertion of internal radiotherapy to target the area in question.

Used in cervical cancer treatment.

65
Q

What is the main method of endometrial cancer treatment?

A

Surgery

66
Q

What are risk factors for endometrial cancer?

A

Obesity
HRT/Tamoxifen
HNPCC gene carriage

67
Q

How does endometrial cancer present?

A

Post-menopausal bleeding

68
Q

An anterior pelvic mass is usually linked to what?

A

The bladder

69
Q

A posterior pelvic mass is usually linked to what?

A

The uterus

70
Q

What is the most common form of sex cord tumour?

A

A fibroma

Reproductive (28 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions