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Reproductive > Early Pregnancy > Flashcards

Early Pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

How does a molar pregnancy present on USS?

A

Appears like a ‘snowstorm’.

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2
Q

When is it determined that someone is pregnant?

A

Period missed

Positive pregnancy test

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3
Q

Is light bleeding normal in early pregnancy?

A

Yes - called spotting.

Will self resolve.

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4
Q

What are the 4 potential outcomes following fertilisation?

A

Birth
Miscarriage
Ectopic pregnancy
Molar pregnancy

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5
Q

What are symptoms of miscarriage?

A

Positive pregnancy test
Bleeding (heavy)
USS showing expulsion/empty uterus

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6
Q

How can the cervical os present upon speculum exam?

A

Os open = Inevitable miscarriage.
Os closed = Threat to pregnancy.
Os closed, products in vagina = Miscarriage has occurred.

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7
Q

When does cervical shock occur?

A

When products are sitting at, and causing dilatation of, the cervical os.

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8
Q

How is cervical shock treated?

A

IV infusion

Uretonics

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9
Q

What does a threatened miscarriage mean?

A

Risk to pregnancy.

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10
Q

What does an inevitable miscarriage mean?

A

Pregnancy cannot be saved.

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11
Q

What does an incomplete miscarriage mean?

A

Part of the pregnancy is lost.

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12
Q

What does a complete miscarriage mean?

A

All of the embryo is lost - the uterus is empty.

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13
Q

What is a missed miscarriage?

A

The absence of a foetus within the sac - said to be anembryonic.

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14
Q

What is recurrent miscarriage?

A

3 or more lost pregnancies.

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15
Q

Which condition is linked to recurrent miscarriage?

A

Antiphospholipid syndrome

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16
Q

What is ectopic pregnancy?

A

When a normal embryo implants outwith the uterine cavity.

17
Q

Where is the most common site of ectopic pregnancy?

A

Fallopian tubes

18
Q

Repeated presentation of a women of reproductive age with severe abdominal/pelvic pain is a red flag for what condition?

A

Ectopic pregnancy

19
Q

What must be carried out on suspicion of an ectopic pregnancy?

A

Pregnancy test
Transvaginal USS
FBC

20
Q

How is ectopic pregnancy treated?

A

If stable, treat with methotrexate.

If acutely unwell, remove surgically.

21
Q

How does a pregnancy of unknown location present?

A

Amenorrhoea
Abdominal pain
Positive pregnancy test
No evidence of pregnancy in genital tract or abdominal cavity upon USS

22
Q

How is a pregnancy of unknown location treated?

A

Treat with methotrexate.

23
Q

What is a molar pregnancy?

A

Disease producing a non-viable, fertilised egg. There is overgrowth of placental tissue - appears like grapes.

24
Q

What is a complete mole?

A

Egg contains no DNA from mother
1 or 2 sperm fertilise the egg
No foetus

25
Q

What is a partial mole?

A

Haploid egg
1 or 2 sperm fertilise the egg
May have foetus

26
Q

What is the common presentation between a complete and partial mole?

A

Overgrowth of placental tissue.

27
Q

How does molar pregnancy present?

A

Hyperemesis
Early onset pre-eclampsia
Hyperthyroidism
Enlarged uterine fundus on palpation

28
Q

How is molar pregnancy diagnosed?

A

USS

29
Q

What is a chorionic haematoma?

A

A pooling of blood between the endometrium and embryo due to separation.

Threat of miscarriage.

30
Q

What is a risk of giving antibiotic therapy for an STI/UTI in a pregnant individual?

A

Risk of teratogenicity.

31
Q

In those treated with surgery for ectopic/molar pregnancy, what is given?

A

Anti-D treatment

32
Q

When is the first USS usually carried out?

A

12 weeks

33
Q

What is the role of anti-D injection?

A

Aims to neutralise anti-D antigen, preventing sensitisation of the immune system to it.

If antibodies form against this, they can terminate pregnancy.

34
Q

What is hyperemesis gravidarum?

A

Excessive, protracted vomiting that affects quality of life in the 1st trimester.

A normal sign of pregnancy that is intensified.

35
Q

How is hyperemesis gravidarum treated?

A 
Exclude other causes
Rehydrate
Give parenteral antiemetics
Vitamin supplementation
DVT prophylaxis
Thiamine supplementation
H2 blockers
Proton pump inhibitors
36
Q

What are the first-line antiemetics in pregnancy?

A

Cyclizine

Prochlorperazine

Reproductive (28 decks)

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