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PSYC 308 > Groups > Flashcards

Groups Flashcards

1
Q

group

A

a collection of individuals that have relations to one another that make them interdependent to some degree

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2
Q

Groups vary in degree of

A

1)group entitativity
2)hierarchy

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3
Q

group entitativity

A

mutual interdependence and cohesion
ie:coworkers in a unit

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4
Q

hierarchy:

A

arrangement of individuals in the group in terms of relative power(larger the group-> the more they tend to be hierarchical)

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5
Q

Why live in groups?

A

Protections from predation human violence

Collective hunting of big game(hunting of big animals)

Cultural learning, the collective brain needs groups

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6
Q

Participants were in fMRI being scanned while playing a video game(cyberball)

A

1st condition:inclusion phase(ball is being shared and passed around)
2nd conditions: exclusion phase(ball is only being passed between 2 other teammates)

When participants were excluded, greater activation of dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC)

Does-dependent: the more participants felt excluded, the more activation in dACC(same brain area that respond to physical pain)

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7
Q

Social facilitation:

A

The effect of the presence of others on performance

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8
Q

Social facilitation:

A

presence of others enhances dominant (well-practiced) response, but inhibits less-dominant (not well practiced) response

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9
Q

Zajonc’s theory:

A

groups can increase/decreases performance based on certain things

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10
Q

Social loafing:

A

decreased effort put forth by individuals when working in a group

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11
Q

diffusion of responsibility

A

Ingham (1974) tug of war study: blindfolded participants pulled 18% harder when they thought they were alone

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12
Q

Wisdom of the crowd

A

Average judgment converges on the correct solution
1)the crowd has a diversity of opinions
2)individual opinions are independent of one another
3)the crowd should be able to aggregate individual opinions into one collective decision

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13
Q

Herd mentality

A

is detrimental to wise decisions and creativity and often lead to disastrous group decisions

-Aggregated information yields better and more creative solutions

-diverse views in a group weaken the confirmation bias and combine the best features of different ideas

-Diverse groups of non-experts beat even expert opinions

-As long as the individual’s judgements are independent of one another or even neg related, homogenous groups are not wise groups

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14
Q

Groupthink

A

-opposite of wide crowd

social pressures to reach consensus in an highly cohesive group which leads to suboptimal decisions

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15
Q

Conditions that foster groupthink

A

Stressful situation

Like minded members of group

Isolation from outside info and influence

Lack of clear procedures

Strong, authoritarian group leader

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16
Q

Symptoms of group think

A

Illusion of invulnerability

Dissent is discouraged, “mindguards”

Self-censorship, illusion of unanimity

One-sided debate(collective rationalization)

Unwillingness to consider alternatives

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17
Q

Strategies to reduce groupthink

A

Encourage criticism and diverse viewpoints

Input from outside sources

Generate different ideas, approaches before decisions is made

Watch out for illusion of invulnerability

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18
Q

Bias and discrimination has been steadily declining

A

Implicit attitudes for (sexuality, race,skin tone) decline

Implicit attitude for age and disability hasn’t changed that much, body weight seems to increase

Least change: Age attitudes 22% decline(explicit attitude)

Most change: race attitudes 98% decline(explicit attitude)

Decline in attitude change in conservatives and liberals for sexuality, race, but not much for age

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19
Q

The ABC of intergroup Relations

A

Prejudice (affect):
Discrimination(behavior):
Stereotypes(cognition

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20
Q

Prejudice (affect):

A

a negative attitude or affective response towards a certain group and its individual members

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21
Q

Discrimination(behavior):

A

negative behavior towards members of a particular group based on their membership in that group

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22
Q

Stereotypes(cognition)

A

beliefs about attributes that are thought to be characteristic of members of particular groups

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23
Q

Distal explanations: Evolutionary explanations of ingroupishness

A

1)parochial altruism
2)pathogen avoidance

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24
Q

Evolutionary account #1: parochial altruism

A

Endemic intergroup warfare in ancestral environments

Intergroup psychology evolved to be in-groupish-small, cohesive, cooperative but mutually hostile bands

Innate dual tendency for 1)altruism towards ingroup AND 2)hostility towards outgroup- we are a clique-sh species
“Us vs them thinking” or coalitional psychology

But what counts as ingroup vs outgroup is flexible, socially constructed

Explains why the content of prejudice can be different across time and place, but us vs them mentality tends to be more resilient

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25
Q

Evolutionary account #2: pathogen avoidance

A

In ancestral environments, strangers were potential sources of novel pathogens for which immune defense is unprepared

Studies show that 1)areas with high pathogen prevalence -> more ingroupish(more awareness of strangers) 2)more fear of pathogens -> more prejudice and stronger immune reaction

Participants exposed to germs slide show had higher funding for familiar countries and less for foreign countries

26
Q

Cultural explanations of ingroup-outgroup favoritism

A

Cultural dissimilarity-dislike

Conversely similarity and familiarity= liking

People felt the most positive towards groups that: 1) were geographically nearer 2)culturally most similar to themselves

27
Q

Multiculturalism vs Culture-blindness

A

Belief in the value of multiculturalism is associated with less ethnocentrism (Ryan et al, 2007)

Adoption of multicultural outlook improves intergroup relations and improves experiences of disadvantage groups (Vorauer, Gagnon, and Sasaki, 2009)

28
Q

Proximal Explanations(suggest interventions to reduce prejudice)

A

Socioeconomic explanations: Realistic Group Conflict theory

Motivational perspective (back to rationalization)

Cognitive perspective

29
Q

Socioeconomic explanations: Realistic Group Conflict theory

A

Group conflict, prejudice and discrimination are likely to arise over competition between groups for limited desired resources

Groups who perceive themselves to be at most risk of another group’s advance are more prejudiced(eg.: working class people resenting immigrants who might compete for the same jobs)

High unemployment and economic recession=more anti-immigrant attitudes

30
Q

The Robbers Cave experiment(Sherif)
(realistic group conlfict theory)

A

Summer camp in oklahoma

Introduced competition and intergroup conflict

Reducing intergroup conflict through superordinate goals

31
Q

Superordinate goals

A

:goals that transcend the interested of one individual group, and that can be achieved more readily by 2 or more groups working together

32
Q

Earthquake diplomacy”(superordinate goals)

A

Turkey and Greece never had good relations, but earthquake in both areas led to diplomacy between the two

33
Q

The Jigsaw Classroom (superorindate goals)

A

Students separated into diverse six-person learning groups
Lesson divided into 6 parts
Each part is required to complete the whole lesson
Each student learns one piece then teaches the group
They need each other to do well on test
Prejudice goes down

34
Q

Minimal Group experiments (Tajfel and turner)(you can create ingroup bias without conflict)

A

participants are assigned to groups on meaningless criteria

Do u like Klee or Kandinsky painting more
-Divided into Klee or Kandinsky group based on choice
-Then they are given money/incentive to be able to give to anyone(ie in you ingroup or other group)

People are more biased to people in their group

Can not be explained by realistic conflict theory

35
Q

Motivational perspective (back to rationalization)

A

Threats to the self: prejudice and discrimination can arise from various threats to the self: lack of control,randomness, reminders of mortality, loss of self-esteem

System justification:prejudice and discrimination can arise when people are motivated to justify the broad socio political system of which they are part, rationalizing injustice and inequality experienced by groups; blaming disadvantaged groups

36
Q

Cognitive perspective

A

Implicit and explicit stereotypes and prejudice

37
Q

implicit attitudes:

A

thoughts that are outside of conscious awareness

38
Q

Primed stereotypes(implicit)

A

procedure used to increase the accessibility of a concept or scheme

39
Q

Implicit association test (IAT)(implicit)

A

measures unconscious stereotypes and prejudices toward particular groups

40
Q

Implicit and explicit stereotypes and prejudice

A

Implicit and explicit attitudes are uncorrelated

Implicit attitudes matter for discrimination especially when cognitive resources are taxed, fatigued, time pressure, or when motivation appears to be unbiased

Explicit attitudes matter for discrimination when conscious reflection is possible/desirable

41
Q

The contact hypothesis in Iraq

A

Participants were christian minorities in iraq that were persecuted

Randomly assigned them to play soccer in a mixed group of christian and muslims or just christians

If participants trained with muslim players, they were more likely to view muslims more favorable (vote muslim for an award, and more likely to sign up for mixed team again, and visit mosuls, attend mixed events, and donate mixed NGO)

42
Q

Evidence based intervention strategies to reduce prejudice and conflict

A

Superordinate goals
Superordinate identity
Unlearning implicit associations
Perceived similarity between groups
multiculturalism(diversity) as a cultural value

Contact: positive,equal-status contact involving one-on-one interactions.

43
Q

Benefits of Diverse groups

A

More creativity, better decisions

Cultural role models take down stereotypes and facilitate positive social change
Rectify past imbalances and injustices
Powerful antidote against prejudice(positive contact)

44
Q

ingredients for postiive contact

A

Ingredients:
Equal-status
Positive atmosphere
Superordinate goals and identity
Community support (supportive cultural norms)

45
Q

Challenges of diverse groups

A

Social interactions are less smooth
There is lower levels of trust and more concerns about disrespect
Greater perceived interpersonal conflict
Less social cohesion

46
Q
A

More diverse countries are not more prone to internal conflict, unless social fractionalization(how diverse a country is) is territorial

47
Q

Three cultural models of interpersonal relationships

A

dignity culture
face cultures
honor culture

48
Q

The culture of honor

A

A culture defined by its member’s strong concerns about their own and other’s reputations, leading to sensitivity to insults and a willingness to use violence to avenge any perceived wrong

49
Q

southerner vs northerners

A

Investigators present several lines of evidence indicating that when their honor is slighted, southerners are more likely than northerners to respond with aggression
White males from the south show more facial expressions of anger, elevated testosterone, firmer grip, and greater hostility after an insult that white males from north
There are higher rates of homicide in southern states due to arguments than in the north

50
Q

White male homicide offender rates:

A

Rates of felony-related murders are similar in non south and south/south-west regions of the US but argument related murderers are much more common in US south and Southwest than in other regions of the US

51
Q

Cultural meaning

A

same situation may have diff cultural meanings,eliciting diff emotions

52
Q

cultural meaning expeiremnt among southern and northern

A

Southern and northern participants walking down the hall were insulted(called an asshole)
They measure testosterone levels after the insult, southern participants had increase of T levels

53
Q

Inclusive fitness

A

According to evolutionary biology, the fitness of an individual based on reproductive success and the passing on of genes to future generations

54
Q

Violence in stepfamilies

A

Natural selection rewards those parents who devote resources to their own offspring

55
Q

Violence in stepfamilies:mistreated stepchildren

A

Studies found that children in canada were 70 times more likely to be killed by a step parents than by biological parents and children in america 100 times more likely

56
Q

Gender difference in types of aggression

A

Large gender difference in violent crime rates

Men much more likely to be involved in violent and criminal behavior

Long history of violence against women

Men also more likely to be victims of violence

Possibly due to combo of difference in hormone levels, cultural learning, and evolved psychology

**Men may be more physically aggressive, but women are more emotionally aggressive

57
Q

Communication and reconciliation

A

Often in heat of conflict or aftermath of aggression, the adversaries tend to stop communication, to separate themselves from one another

This tendency to avoid adversaries flies in the face of one of the most potent tools for reducing conflict:face-to-face communication

As adversaries communicate, they often show a powerful tendency to reconcile, to made amends for hurtful words and harmful acts

58
Q

Moving toward a less violent world

A

The world has become substantially more interconnected:our interests are more intertwined with those of people from other communities and nations

Cultural norms are changing in favor of more peaceful relations

We are enjoying one of the least violent most cooperative periods in human history

There are fewer wars, and fewer casualties of war

Murder rate have fallen drastically in most western countries as well as E. Asian countries

59
Q

dignity cultures

A

inherit self-worth

authenticity is virtue

individualistic cultures,US

less hierarchical, strong rule of law

60
Q

face cultures

A

socially conferred self-worth determined by performing social obligations

modesty and harmony are a virtue

Confucian cultures, east asia

stable social hierarchies

61
Q

honor cultures

A

socially conferred self worth by social image of toughness

defense of ones reputation

Mediterranean, latin, tribal

unstable social hierarchy

PSYC 308 (12 decks)

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