ch 3

Question 1

Situationist hypothesis

Answer 1

people from independent cultures create social interactions that boost self esteem

Question 2

Trait self esteem

Answer 2

stable

Question 3

state self esteem

Answer 3

unstable, fluctuates across diff situations

Question 4

Defining the self in interdependently leads to

Answer 4

more likely to seek opportunities for self-improvement

Question 5

Self enhancement

Answer 5

desire to maintain,increase, or protect positive views of the self

Question 6

Self-serving construals

Answer 6

better than average effect: they think they are above avg in popularity, kindness, fairness, leadership, etc
-More people think they are above average on ambiguous traits (ie:sympathetic) rather than unambiguous (tall)

Question 7

Self-affirmation theory

Answer 7

focus on people’s efforts to maintain an overall sense of self-worth when confronted with feedback or events that threaten self-image
-People maintain self worth by affirming themselves in a domain unrelated to threatened domain

Question 8

High self enhancers(taylor et al study)

Answer 8

coped with stress more effectively and less cardiovascular arousal than low self enhancers during stress

Question 9

(Heine et all, 1999)

Answer 9

Cross cultural research says East Asian are less likely than westerners to endorse positive illusions about the self

Suggest positive illusions do not automatically enhance well being, only for westerns bc they cherish a sense of self

Question 10

Self-verification theory

Answer 10

sometimes we strive for stable, subjectively accurate beliefs about ourselves rather than invariably favorable ones

Swann et al, 1987:
Study that found those with negative self-beliefs found negative feedback more accurate, and those with positive self-beliefs found pos feedback more accurate

Question 11

Self-regulation:

Answer 11

processes by which people initiate, alter, and control their behavior in pursuit of a goal

Question 12

Self-discrepancy theory

Answer 12

people hold beliefs about not only what they are actually like but also what they would ideally like to be and what they think they ought to be

Question 13

actual self vs. ideal self

Answer 13

Your actual self is the self you believe you are, your ideal self represent your hopes and wishes, and your ought self represent your duties and obligation(how you have to be)

Question 14

promotion focus(focus on attaining pos. outcomes)

Answer 14

When people regulate their behavior with respect to ideal-self standards

Question 15

prevention focus(focus on avoiding neg. outcomes)

Answer 15

When people regulate their behavior to ought self they have

Question 16

Marshmallow paradigm

Answer 16

Preschool children left in a room with marshmallow and given 2 options: they can have 1 marshmallow now(small reward) or 2 marshmallow if they wait for experimenter to return 15 mins later(larger reward)

Question 17

When people pursue a goal with a promotion or prevention focus

Answer 17

the goal is construed in one of two ways-obtaining a pos. Outcome or avoiding a neg.

Question 18

Higher level construals

Answer 18

focus on abstract/core features,

Question 19

low-level construal

Answer 19

focus on salient,concrete details

Question 20

One way to exercise self-control

Answer 20

shifting how you construe the temptations
-Ie: instead of viewing marshmallow as something yummy, you view it as less appealing such as a cloud

Question 21

Automatic self control strategies

Answer 21

goal intentions and implementation intentions

Question 22

implementation intentions

Answer 22

which specify how one will behave to achieve a goal under particular circumstances

Question 23

implementation intentions

Answer 23

specify how one will behave to achieve a goal under particular circumstances

Implementation intentions follow a “if-then” format
Ie:”if its saturday afternoon, then i will work on my paper”

Question 24

Goffman’s coin of the term face

Answer 24

the public image of ourselves that we want others to have

Question 25

Self-monitoring

Answer 25

tendency to monitor one’s behavior to fit the demands of current situation

Question 26

Self-handicapping

Answer 26

tendency to engage in self-defeating behavior to protect the self in public and to prevent others from making unwanted inferences based on poor performance

Question 27

presenting the self online

Answer 27

We are less likely to portray our physical attributes accurately but our personality more accurate

Question 28

independent self-construals

Answer 28

self is autonomous entity
others
◆ promotes an inward focus on the self

Question 29

interdependentself-construals:

Answer 29

fundamentally connected to others
outward focus on social situation

Question 30

cohen and gunz

Answer 30

Study where kids were asked to recall a time where they were the center of attention

asian kids adpot a 3rd person POV, describing as an observer

western kids recall in 1st person POV

Question 31

Kuhn and McPartland:writing reports on “who are you”

Answer 31

westerners wrote context-free about their personality traits and preferences

asian kids emphasize their roles in relationships, self-descriptions based on life context

Question 32

merged sense of self

Answer 32

interdependent people have merged sense of self (roles as a mom,daughter)

Chinese people PFC active when thinking abt self as a merged role