chapter 10

Question 1

Theory of modern racism

Answer 1

captures essence of the conflict and inconsistencies many White people experience in thinking abt race

Although white people may reject explicitly racist beliefs(Black people are morally inferior to white people), they nevertheless feel animosity toward black people or are highly suspicious/uncomfy around them

Question 2

White participants were in a position to aid a white or black person in need of medical assistance

Answer 2

Results: if they thought they were the only one to help, they help the black more more, if there were other people present, they help white person more

Question 3

White participants evaluated black and white applicant to college

Answer 3

When white and black applicants excelled on certain dimension but were below average on other, prejudiced participants rated black participants less favorably than did unprejudiced participants

Question 4

Benevolent racisim and sexism

Answer 4

Racism, sexism can contain both neg and pos features

Question 5

beonevolent and hostile sexism

Answer 5

Found that benevolent sexism(protectiveness and affection toward women who embrace conventional roles) often coexists with hostile sexism(dislike of nontraditional women and those that usurp men’s power)

Question 6

Measuring attitudes about groups

Answer 6

1)provide surveys
2)self report
3)implicit association test

Question 7

Implicit association test

Answer 7

echnique for revealing subtle,nonconsious biases even those who believe they are bias free

Both young and older individuals show a pronounced prejudice in favor of young over old, ⅔ of white respondent showed strong/moderate prejudice for white over black faces/names

Black faces correlated with amygdala activity

Question 8

Affect misattribution procedure (AMP)

Answer 8

priming procedure designed to assess people implicit associations to different stimuli including their associations to various ethnic, racial, gender, and occupational groups

Question 9

Realistic group conflict theory

Answer 9

Predicts that prejudice and discrimination increases under conditions of economic recessions and high unemployment

Prejudice and discrimination should be strongest in groups that stand to lose the most from another group’s economic advance

Question 10

realistic group conflict theory specifies some of the ways group conflict plays out

Answer 10

1)ethnocentrism:other group is villianzed and ones own group glorified

2)loyalty to ingroup intensifies

Question 11

The minimal group paradigm:

Answer 11

Tajfel created groups based on arbitrary and seemingly meaningless criteria and then examined how the members of these “minimal groups” behaved toward one another

Question 12

conclusion of minimal groups

Answer 12

Majority of participants are interred more in maximizing the relative gain for members of their ingroup over the outgroup than they are in maximizing the absolute gain for their ingroup

Question 13

Social identity theory

Answer 13

idea that our self esteem comes not only from out personal identity and accomplishments but also from the status and accomplishments of the various groups to which we belong

Question 14

maple syrup expeirment

Answer 14

Those with canadian identity foremost in their mind rated maple syrup significantly more pleasant than honey (LMFAO THIS EXPERIEMNT IS SO GOOFY)

Question 15

Basking in reflected glory

Answer 15

tendency to identify with a winning team

Question 16

why do we distnace when group loses but affiliate when group wins

Answer 16

Social identity theory predicts that the failing of the groups we affiliate with affect our self esteem

Question 17

Criticizing another group makes people feel better about their own group

Question 18

Non black participants were either praised or criticized by a white or black male doctor

Answer 18

Participants were particularly fast at recognizing words associated with black stereotypes when they had been criticized by the black doctor and slow to recognize those words when they were praised by the black doctor

Question 19

Stereotypes and Conservation of cognitive resources

Answer 19

If stereotypes and useful schemas enable us to process info, we use them when we’re overloaded, tired, or mentally taxed in some way- in other words when we’re in need of a shortcut

Question 20

illusory correlations

Answer 20

seeing relationship that isn’t there

Question 21

; paired distinctiveness

Answer 21

pairing 2 distinct events that stand out because they occur together

Question 22

ex) Hamilton & Gifford (1976)

Answer 22

minority rated with more negative actions more than group A (majority)

people detect false correlations based on distinctivenes of minorty group and distinctiveness of negative behaviors

Question 23

; self-reinforcing stereotypes

Answer 23

stereotypes reinforced via selectiveattention to information and actions consistent with stereopype

information consistent w/stereotype are noticed/remembered

infromation inconsistent with stereotype are ignored/forgotten/dismissed

Question 24

interpretation bias

Answer 24

tendency to interpret infromation in a way that aligns with preexisting beliefs/stereotypes

Question 25

even handed evaluation

Answer 25

fairandunbiasedassessmentofinformationwithoutbeinginfluencedby preconceived notions or stereotypes

Question 26

self fulfilling prophecies

Answer 26

people’s actions towards certain groups encourage expected behaviour from those groups

treatment of black applications affected their interview performance and quality, fulfilling the interviewers’ negative expectations towards black applicants

Question 27

; disconfirmation

Answer 27

evidence or info that contradicts existing beliefs

people dont like changing stereotypes so they will evaluate disconfriming evidence in a way that reduces impact

Question 28

subtypes

Answer 28

explaining/justifying that exceptions to a given stereotype are invalid by creating a subcategroy of the stereotyped group that can be expected to differ from the group as a whole

Question 29

encoding behavior

Answer 29

people encode eventes that are consistent to their stereotypes more abstractly

ie: group a is very kind as opposed to group b is a litterer

Question 30

ingroup similarity and outgroup difference

Answer 30

when people are divded into group they see more outgroup varaiblilty and ingroup less variablity

people also assume they have more commin ingroup than outgroup

Question 31

categroizing people into groups distorts judgement

Answer 31

when people view members of outgroup as homoegnous, it leads to prejudce and discrimination bc it readily froms sterotypes

Question 32

outgroup homogenity effect

Answer 32

people tend to perceive members of other groups as more similar to each other (homogenous) and less diverse than members of their own

Question 33

outgroup homogenity effect is present in

Answer 33

gender stereotypes

variability perception:people perceive ingroup as having more varaiblity in attribute,opinions,habits than outgroup

Question 34

why does outgroup homogeneeity occur

Answer 34

1)we have more contact with ingroup than outgroup

2)nature of interaction itself with ingroup and outgroup is diff
**we treat outgroup members as representative of their group

Question 35

own race identification

Answer 35

when people say outgroup people all look alike, but you can tell apart facial features ingroup

occurs because people interact with ingroup as indivduals and not just race

Question 36

automatic processes

Answer 36

reflexive reactions to outgroup members are guided by quick and automatic mental processes

reflective responses can override reflexive reactions

Question 37

Devine’s investigation

Answer 37

findingsshowthatdifferencebetweenprejudicedvsunprejudiced inviduals depend on whether they accept or reject stereottypes, rather than being just aware of them

Question 38

contact hypothesis

Answer 38

prejudice decreases via frequent intergroup contact

Question 39

intergroup contact

Answer 39

1)perceiveoutgroupmembersasindividualsratherthanstereotypes (foster personalization)
● (2)movingfrompositivefeelingstowardjustspecificoutgroupmembers, to whole outgroup
● (3)bothinterandoutergroupdevelopasharedidentitytogether

Question 40

multiculturalism

Answer 40

culture and ethnicity as central to people’s identities

appreciate and acknowledge differences

Question 41

colorblindess

Answer 41

view cultur and ethncitiy as skin deep

identities should be downplayed or ignored

treat indivduals as uniqe to their culture

Question 42

effectivness of multi culturalism

Answer 42

more effective in reducing prejudice and improved intergroup relations

Question 43

challenges of multiculturalism

Answer 43

triggers exlcusion among white

perceives as threat to groupidentity of high staus groups

may increase race essentialism(minority spotlighting)

can conceal claims of racial discrimination

its important to design and support policies that are inclusive of ALL groups