chapter 10 Flashcards
Theory of modern racism
captures essence of the conflict and inconsistencies many White people experience in thinking abt race
Although white people may reject explicitly racist beliefs(Black people are morally inferior to white people), they nevertheless feel animosity toward black people or are highly suspicious/uncomfy around them
White participants were in a position to aid a white or black person in need of medical assistance
Results: if they thought they were the only one to help, they help the black more more, if there were other people present, they help white person more
White participants evaluated black and white applicant to college
When white and black applicants excelled on certain dimension but were below average on other, prejudiced participants rated black participants less favorably than did unprejudiced participants
Benevolent racisim and sexism
Racism, sexism can contain both neg and pos features
beonevolent and hostile sexism
Found that benevolent sexism(protectiveness and affection toward women who embrace conventional roles) often coexists with hostile sexism(dislike of nontraditional women and those that usurp men’s power)
Measuring attitudes about groups
1)provide surveys
2)self report
3)implicit association test
Implicit association test
echnique for revealing subtle,nonconsious biases even those who believe they are bias free
Both young and older individuals show a pronounced prejudice in favor of young over old, ⅔ of white respondent showed strong/moderate prejudice for white over black faces/names
Black faces correlated with amygdala activity
Affect misattribution procedure (AMP)
priming procedure designed to assess people implicit associations to different stimuli including their associations to various ethnic, racial, gender, and occupational groups
Realistic group conflict theory
Predicts that prejudice and discrimination increases under conditions of economic recessions and high unemployment
Prejudice and discrimination should be strongest in groups that stand to lose the most from another group’s economic advance
realistic group conflict theory specifies some of the ways group conflict plays out
1)ethnocentrism:other group is villianzed and ones own group glorified
2)loyalty to ingroup intensifies
The minimal group paradigm:
Tajfel created groups based on arbitrary and seemingly meaningless criteria and then examined how the members of these “minimal groups” behaved toward one another
conclusion of minimal groups
Majority of participants are interred more in maximizing the relative gain for members of their ingroup over the outgroup than they are in maximizing the absolute gain for their ingroup
Social identity theory
idea that our self esteem comes not only from out personal identity and accomplishments but also from the status and accomplishments of the various groups to which we belong
maple syrup expeirment
Those with canadian identity foremost in their mind rated maple syrup significantly more pleasant than honey (LMFAO THIS EXPERIEMNT IS SO GOOFY)
Basking in reflected glory
tendency to identify with a winning team
why do we distnace when group loses but affiliate when group wins
Social identity theory predicts that the failing of the groups we affiliate with affect our self esteem
Criticizing another group makes people feel better about their own group
Non black participants were either praised or criticized by a white or black male doctor
Participants were particularly fast at recognizing words associated with black stereotypes when they had been criticized by the black doctor and slow to recognize those words when they were praised by the black doctor
Stereotypes and Conservation of cognitive resources
If stereotypes and useful schemas enable us to process info, we use them when we’re overloaded, tired, or mentally taxed in some way- in other words when we’re in need of a shortcut
illusory correlations
seeing relationship that isn’t there
; paired distinctiveness
pairing 2 distinct events that stand out because they occur together
ex) Hamilton & Gifford (1976)
minority rated with more negative actions more than group A (majority)
people detect false correlations based on distinctivenes of minorty group and distinctiveness of negative behaviors
; self-reinforcing stereotypes
stereotypes reinforced via selectiveattention to information and actions consistent with stereopype
information consistent w/stereotype are noticed/remembered
infromation inconsistent with stereotype are ignored/forgotten/dismissed
interpretation bias
tendency to interpret infromation in a way that aligns with preexisting beliefs/stereotypes
even handed evaluation
fairandunbiasedassessmentofinformationwithoutbeinginfluencedby preconceived notions or stereotypes
self fulfilling prophecies
people’s actions towards certain groups encourage expected behaviour from those groups
treatment of black applications affected their interview performance and quality, fulfilling the interviewers’ negative expectations towards black applicants
; disconfirmation
evidence or info that contradicts existing beliefs
people dont like changing stereotypes so they will evaluate disconfriming evidence in a way that reduces impact
subtypes
explaining/justifying that exceptions to a given stereotype are invalid by creating a subcategroy of the stereotyped group that can be expected to differ from the group as a whole
encoding behavior
people encode eventes that are consistent to their stereotypes more abstractly
ie: group a is very kind as opposed to group b is a litterer
ingroup similarity and outgroup difference
when people are divded into group they see more outgroup varaiblilty and ingroup less variablity
people also assume they have more commin ingroup than outgroup
categroizing people into groups distorts judgement
when people view members of outgroup as homoegnous, it leads to prejudce and discrimination bc it readily froms sterotypes
outgroup homogenity effect
people tend to perceive members of other groups as more similar to each other (homogenous) and less diverse than members of their own
outgroup homogenity effect is present in
gender stereotypes
variability perception:people perceive ingroup as having more varaiblity in attribute,opinions,habits than outgroup
why does outgroup homogeneeity occur
1)we have more contact with ingroup than outgroup
2)nature of interaction itself with ingroup and outgroup is diff
**we treat outgroup members as representative of their group
own race identification
when people say outgroup people all look alike, but you can tell apart facial features ingroup
occurs because people interact with ingroup as indivduals and not just race
automatic processes
reflexive reactions to outgroup members are guided by quick and automatic mental processes
reflective responses can override reflexive reactions
Devine’s investigation
findingsshowthatdifferencebetweenprejudicedvsunprejudiced inviduals depend on whether they accept or reject stereottypes, rather than being just aware of them
contact hypothesis
prejudice decreases via frequent intergroup contact
intergroup contact
1)perceiveoutgroupmembersasindividualsratherthanstereotypes (foster personalization)
● (2)movingfrompositivefeelingstowardjustspecificoutgroupmembers, to whole outgroup
● (3)bothinterandoutergroupdevelopasharedidentitytogether
multiculturalism
culture and ethnicity as central to people’s identities
appreciate and acknowledge differences
colorblindess
view cultur and ethncitiy as skin deep
identities should be downplayed or ignored
treat indivduals as uniqe to their culture
effectivness of multi culturalism
more effective in reducing prejudice and improved intergroup relations
challenges of multiculturalism
triggers exlcusion among white
perceives as threat to groupidentity of high staus groups
may increase race essentialism(minority spotlighting)
can conceal claims of racial discrimination
its important to design and support policies that are inclusive of ALL groups
