ch 4

Question 1

Snap Judgements

Answer 1

Inferring personality from physical appearance

Question 2

How are judgements correlated with one another

Answer 2

1)positive-negative dimension
2)power dimension

Question 3

1)positive-negative dimension

Answer 3

(trustworthy vs untrustworthy

Question 4

2)power dimension

Answer 4

(confident,dominant, submissive)

Question 5

How well do snap judgements(impressions based on brief exposure to other people’s behavior) predict more considered consensus opinion

Answer 5

YES

Question 6

The Process of Causal Attribution:

Answer 6

Determining whether actions are product of internal or external causes requires assessments of what most people are like and what most people are likely to do

-Ie: becoming a guitarist for the love of playing guitar is internal while becoming a guitarist for fame is external bc most people want to be famous

Question 7

covariation principle:

Answer 7

we try to determine what causes-internal or external, characteristic of the person in question or applicable to nearly everyone-”covary” with what we’re trying to explain

Question 8

One type of covariation:
consensus

Answer 8

refers to what most people would do in a given situation

Question 9

distinctiveness(part of covariation)

Answer 9

what an individual does in different situations

Question 10

Situational attribution

Answer 10

when consensus and distinctiveness are both high
-(when everyone else in your friend’s statistics class like it too, and when your friend likes few other math classes, there is something special about that class)

Question 11

Dispositional attribution

Answer 11

consensus and distinctiveness are both low(ie:when no one like the statistics class and when your friend likes all math courses, her likeness for the course must reflect something about them)

Question 12

discounting principle

Answer 12

our confidence that a particular cause is responsible for a given outcome will be reduced if there are other plausible causes that might have produced the same outcome

Question 13

counterfactual thinking:

Answer 13

considerations of what might have, could have, or should have happened “if only” a few minor things were done differently

Question 14

Emotional amplification

Answer 14

emotional reaction tends to be more intense if the event almost didn’t happen

Question 15

Self serving attributional bias

Answer 15

people are inclined to attribute their failures to external circumstances but to attribute their successes and other good events to themselves

Question 16

Fundamental attribution error:

Answer 16

tendency to see the behavior of others as a reflection of kind of people they are rather than as a result of the situation they find themselves

Question 17

Actor-observer difference:

Answer 17

In the role of “actor” you’re usually more interested in determining what kind of situation you’re dealing with than assessing what kind of person you are

In the role of “observer”, you’re often primarily interested in determining what kind of person you’re dealing with

Question 18

Why are people prone to fundamental attribution error?

Answer 18

Features of the environment that more readily capture our attention are more likely to be seen as potential causes of an observed effect

Question 19

East asians are more inclined than westerners to attribute an actor’s behavior to the situation rather than to the person’s dispositions

Answer 19

East asians pay more attention to context than westerners

Question 20

Gender and Attribution

Answer 20

Men are more likely than women and girls to attribute their failures to lack of effort, whereas women are more likely than men to attribute their failures to lack of ability

Question 21

Order Effects

Answer 21

primacy,recency,and framing

Question 22

Framing effect:

Answer 22

the way information is presented including the order of presentation can frame the way it’s presented and understood

Question 23

Spin framing

Answer 23

form of framing that varies the content, not just the order of what is presented

Question 24

Positive and Negative Reframing

Answer 24

The nature of most things can be described or framed in ways that emphasize the good or the bad with predictable effects on people’s judgements

-ie:75% lean meat sounds better than 25% fat

Question 25

Temporal Framing

Answer 25

The key is to recognize that we think about actions and events within a particular time perspective(temporal frame) belonging to the past,present, immediate future..etc

Question 26

construal level theory

Answer 26

the relationship between temporal distance and abstract or concrete thinking;Psychologically distant actions and events are thought about in abstract terms; actions and events that are close at hand are thought about in concrete terms

Question 27

motivated confirmation bias

Answer 27

viewing information that might be ambiguous (has no meaning) as supporting our preferences

Question 28

confirmation bias

Answer 28

tendency to test a proposition by searching for evidence in support of it

Question 29

top down

Question 30

bottom up

Question 31

schemas

Answer 31

patterns of thinking and behavior that shape how we interpret the world

Question 32

attention

Answer 32

attention is selective, our schemas guide our attention

Question 33

memory

Answer 33

schema influence memory; we remember things that captured our attention

Question 34

construal

Answer 34

schemas influence how we interpret information

Question 35

priming

Answer 35

certain types of behavior are elicited automatically when people are exposed to stimuli in the immediate environment that bring to mind a particular action or schema

Question 36

subliminal stimuli

Answer 36

stimuli presented outside of conscious awareness–can prime a schema su fficiently to inf uence subseq uent information processing

we dont need to be conscious to be primed to a given schema

Question 37

recent activation

Answer 37

schema brought to mind recently tend to be more accessible

Question 38

expectations

Answer 38

expectations influence information processing by priming the schema, the schema is readily applied at the slightest hint that it’s applicable

Question 39

in parallel

Answer 39

the intuitive system operates quickly and automatically, is based on associations, and performs many of its operations simultaneously

Question 40

serially

Answer 40

rational system is slower and more controlled and performs its operations one at a time, based on rules and deductions

sometimes rational system can override intuitive system

Question 41

heuristics

Answer 41

Intuitive mental operations, performed quickly and automatically, that provide e fficient answers to common problems
of judgment.

Question 42

availability heuristic

Answer 42

the process whereby judgments of fre uency or probability are based on how readily pertinent instances come to mind.

-example:car crash vs plane crash

Question 43

representativeness heuristic

Answer 43

categorize something by judging how similar it is to their conception of the typical member of a category or when trying to make causal attributions by assessing how similar an e ffect is to a possible cause

-Example: you meet someone at a party who likes art,travels, and likes wine, are they more likely to be a lawyer or a museum curator?

Question 43

fluency

Answer 43

th e feeling of ease (or di ffculty) associated with processing information.

Question 44

base-rate information

Question 44

illusory correlation

Answer 44

the belief that two variables are correlated when in fact they are not.

Question 45

thin slicing

Answer 45

tendency to make quick inferences about the state or characteristics of people/situation

first impressions