ch 2

Question 1

hindsight bias

Answer 1

tendency to believe after learning about some outcome that you could have predicted it- when in fact you might not have been able to predict it at all)

Question 2

Dissonance theory

Answer 2

theory that people like their thoughts to be consistent with one another and with their actions and will do substantial mental work to achieve such cognitive consistency

Question 3

Archival Research

Answer 3

Researchers look at evidence found in archives of various kinds, including census reports, police records, etc…

Question 4

Surveys

Answer 4

interviews or written questionnaires
-convenience sampling:contacting people as they enter the library or emailing fraternity and sorority members is not random

Question 5

Correlational Research

Answer 5

In correlational research, psychologists measure two or more variables and examine whether they are related

Question 6

correlational research usually can’t provide convincing evidence of a causal relationship because of the possibility of

Answer 6

self-selection; meaning the investigator has no control over any particular participant’s level, or score, on a given variable

Question 7

Longitudinal study

Answer 7

collecting measures at different point in time from the same participants

Question 8

Correlation does not establish causation

Answer 8

In correlational research investigators can look at only the degree of relationship between two or more variables
-does not account for third variable

Question 9

Power of experiments

Answer 9

comes from exposing participants to different levels of the independent variable by random assignment

Question 10

Natural experiment:

Answer 10

events occur that the investigator believes will have causal implication for some outcome

Question 11

External validity

Answer 11

indication of how well the results of a study pertain to contexts outside the conditions of the laboratory

Question 12

Internal validity

Answer 12

refers to the likelihood that only the manipulated variable and no other external influence could have produced the results
-An experiment lacks internal validity when there is a third variable that could plausibly account for any observed difference between the different conditions

Question 13

Reliability

Answer 13

degree to which a measure gives consistent results on repeated occasions or the degree to which two measuring instruments (such as human observers) yield the same or very similar results

Question 14

Measurement validity

Answer 14

refers to the correlation between a measure and some outcome the measure is supposed to predict

Question 15

Statistical significance

Answer 15

a measure of the probability that a given result could have occurred by chance alone

Question 16

Pre registration

Answer 16

making the details of the study available to the public such as issues of concerns
-the broad approach to ensuring that scientific research is sound and that reported results are likely to replicate

Question 17

institutional review board (IRB)

Answer 17

a committee that examines research proposals and makes judgements about their ethical appropriateness

Question 18

deception research

Answer 18

Even is deception research, participants are general told about the goals of the research project afterward during debriefing

Question 19

The practice of scientific research has two broad types

Answer 19

basic and applied

Question 20

Basic science

Answer 20

concerned with trying to understand some phenomenon in its own right rather than using a finding to solve a particular real–world problem

Question 21

Applied science

Answer 21

concerned with solving real world problems of importance