ch 13

Question 1

General Agression Model

Answer 1

a broad approach to understanding the causes of aggression through a focus on situational factors, construal factors, and biological and cultural contributions

Question 2

General Agression Model:

Answer 2

1)situational
2)construal level(how people perceive the context as threatening or not)
3)cultural and evolutionary

Question 3

Hostile aggression

Answer 3

refers to behavior motivated by feelings of anger and hostility where the primary aim is to harm another person either physically or psychologically

Question 4

Instrumental aggression:

Answer 4

behavior that is intended to harm another person in the service of motives other than pure hostility

Question 5

aggression and heat

Answer 5

Evidence that higher than normal temperature indeed play a causal role in increase of violent crime

The number of hot days was a strong predictor of elevated violent crime rates but not nonviolent crime rates

Question 6

explanation for heat and aggression

Answer 6

People are aroused by the heat, but they are often unaware of the extent to which hot weather is the source of their arousal

When they encounter circumstances that prompt anger, they attribute their own arousal to that person and this misplaced annoyance gives rise to amplified feelings of anger, which can lead to aggression

Question 7

Does violence portrayed in media make people more aggressive?

Answer 7

Exposure to media violence does make people more aggressive

Question 8

viewership of violent films

Answer 8

When viewership of violent films rose, violent crimes dropped

Question 9

explanation for violent crime dropping during release of violent films

Answer 9

1)people who are most likely to commit violent crimes (young men) are particularly drawn to violent films and are less likely to engage in acts of aggression when sitting in a seat watching a movie
2)the time spent in the theater is a time when some violent individuals might otherwise be drinking alcohol, a contributor to aggression

Question 10

violent vs nonviolent video games

Answer 10

Conclusion:particpants who played Mortal Kombat gave longer and more intense bursts of white noise to their competitor than those who played golf

Question 11

Playing violent games:

Answer 11

1)increase aggressive behavior
2)reduce prosocial behavior
3)increase aggressive thoughts
4)increase aggressive emotions
5)increase blood pressure and heart rate

Question 12

Social rejection whether in the form of being excluded,bullied, or shamed, can lead people to react in diff ways

Answer 12

1)act in prosocial ways and reach out to friends
2)withdraw
3)aggression

Question 13

social rejection

Answer 13

Social rejection activates a “threat defense system”

Question 14

Ball tossing paradigm

Answer 14

Participants feels distress, shame, and self-doubt and initiates submissive, slouched posture

Question 15

Neuroimaging study on social rejection

Answer 15

When participants experience a virtual form of rejection fMRI images revealed activity in region of dorsal anterior cingulate cortex which processes physically painful stimuli

Question 16

income inequality

Answer 16

Avg citizen is more likely to be murdered, assaulted, or raped in countries with higher economic inequality such as Venezual, South Africa, the US

Question 17

explanations for income inequality

Answer 17

1)social rejection that those experience at the bottom of unequal societies can trigger violence

2)during times of growing economic inequality, citizens are less happy, experience greater pain, tearing down social fabric and increase likelihood of aggression

3)inequality throws men into more intense competition for economic resources and access to mates, two sources that motivate murder and crime

Question 18

Biophilia

Answer 18

human’s love of life and living systems

Question 19

Green spaces and access to nature

Answer 19

Easy access to nature and green spaces influences psychological health postively

Question 20

anger

Answer 20

Anger leads to aggression

Question 21

weapons and anger and aggression

Answer 21

Presence of guns made participants more aggressive only when they were also angered by the confederate’s actions

guns alone do not cause aggression

Question 22

dehumanization

Answer 22

Dehumanization can unleash aggression for the reason that its easier to harm people when they seem less human and less like ourselves

Question 23

One factor that increases likelihood of dehumanization

Answer 23

We are more inclined to dehumanize outgroup members when we feel strongly committed to a group

Question 24

Social connection can also increase likelihood of dehumanization

Answer 24

Feeling socially connected brings us closer to people within our group but creates greater distance from those who are different from us

Question 25

Culture of honor

Answer 25

prevalent in the US south, men tend to be especially concerned with their reputation for toughness, machismo, and ability to avenge a wrong or insult

Question 26

origin of culture of honor

Answer 26

culture of honor roots from herding culture

highland regions have bigger herding culture->thus more aggression more honour culture

if they lose herd, theyll be bankrupt faster

Question 27

missing women phenonmenon

Answer 27

countries with lower status for women under-represent the premature death of women from various forms of violence neglect

Question 28

female infanticide

Answer 28

killing female infants

Question 29

bride burning

Answer 29

burning or punishing women for her family’s failure to confer sufficient dowry to groom

Question 30

human trafficking of young girls into prostituion

Answer 30

your family can sell u

Question 31

sexual harrasment

Answer 31

stalking,catcalling

(50-80% of US women)

Question 32

rape prone cultures

Answer 32

18% of cultures

rape is used as act of war,ritual,threat to keep women subservient

culture with higher levels of violence, frequent warfare, emphasis on machismo and male toughness characterize rape-prone cultures

Question 33

factors contributing to rape prone cultures

Answer 33

vioelnce and warfare

gender inqueailty

economic gender equality

Question 34

relational aggression

Answer 34

women are violent in relational aggression:behaviors such as gossiping, forming alliances, social exclusion to harm others

adolescent girls more prone to this

Question 35

evolutionary perspective on gender differneces in aggression

Answer 35

attributable to reproductive oppurtnities

women invest more in offspring and are less liekly to engage in physical aggresion

men are more aggressive because they engage in cmopetition with other men for mating oppurtunites

Question 36

evolutionary strategies for male competition

Answer 36

sexual dimorphism and physical prowess(men are bigger,heavier,taller than women)

nonverbal sign of dominance: physical features (broad chin, deep voice, facial hair) exert nonverbal cus of dominance to other men

role of testosterone:increase during puberty and linked to physcial developemnt and aggression in men

higher testosterone leads to more dominant/assertive behaviors

Question 37

hormone in women

Answer 37

women also have testosterone equivalent hormone that promotes dominance and competitive behavior (estradiol)

higher estradiol->more competition behavior and status seeking

Question 38

biological factors of aggression

Answer 38

aggression results from interaction of genetic predispostion and situational factors

maoa gene regulates brain metabolism of nt linked to aggression in nonhuman species

short maoao gene=more aggressive animal species

Question 39

situational factors of aggression

Answer 39

maoao gene and childhood mistreatment

maoa gene alone cant sig impact likelihood comitting violent crome by 26

Question 40

nature vs nurture

Answer 40

genetic predispoitions alone cant determine behavior rather interaction between genetics and environment

Question 41

socialization of men

Answer 41

men are socialized into roles encouraging physical aggression from young age

motherstendtolabelboys’emotionsmorethangirls(Esp.anger), contirbuting to greater salience of agressive reactions in boys

Question 42

precarious manhood hypothesis

Answer 42

idea that man’s gender identity (signifciantly involves strength and toughness) may be lost under various conditions that such a lossc an trigger aggressive behaivour

whenmenareawareofvulnerbalegenderidentity,theymaybemore sensitive to threats -> thus,theyresorttoriskyandaggressivebehaviorustoprove themselves

Question 43

misperceptions and incorrect construal influence social conflict in 2 ways

Answer 43

1)belief that conflicts are polarized
**you have to be either one group or another
**this makes them overlook common ground shared with opponentsm political adversaries

2)reactive devaluation bias: tendency of opposing sides to attach little value to any offer made by counterpart in negotiation

->distracts from establishing common ground and making progress in conflict resolution

Question 44

adversaries can reason and speak in a cmoplex or simple manner: complexiity of a position is defined by

Answer 44

1)level of differentiation, or number of ideas in the position

2)level of integration, or connections drawn among different ideas

complex postiion:many ideas and many connections

simple position: less ideas, less connections

Question 45

during conlfict rheotirc is more

Answer 45

simple

Question 46

solution to simple rhetoric

Answer 46

encourage communication between people in conflict

1)allow people on both sides to give their perspective

2)ask people on both sides to actively imagine other people’s perspective

Question 47

restorative justice

Answer 47

professiionals who are trained to mediate conversations between perpetrator and victim

Question 48

declining violence

Answer 48

were in least aggressive period of human history

Question 49

contributor to reduce violence

Answer 49

printing press and video camera:spread of literacy and numeracy educates people to handle conflict w/out violence
**footage of genocide and war makes people less want to do it

increased interconnectedness and globalization: peoples interest are more intertwined now globally

Question 50

consensual aggression