Gross Anatomy of the Alimentary Tract

Question 1

The only ectoderm lined portions of the gut tube.

Answer 1

oropharynx and lower end of anal canal

Question 2

Point that marks division between foregut and midgut.

Answer 2

Entry point of bile duct into duodenum

Question 3

Point that marks midgut/hindgut division.

Answer 3

Between proximal 2/3 and distal 1/3 of transverse colon.

Question 4

P/S innervation of foregut

Answer 4

Vagus

Question 5

P/S innervation of midgut

Answer 5

Vagus

Question 6

P/S innervation of hindgut

Answer 6

Pelvic nerves S2-S4

Question 7

S innervation of foregut

Answer 7

T5-T9

Question 8

S innervation of midgut

Answer 8

T10-T12

Question 9

S innervation of hindgut

Answer 9

L1-L3

Question 10

Purpose of sympathetic innervation of gut

Answer 10

to divert blood supply away from gut in a flight/fight situation

Question 11

Preganglionic parasympathetic nerves to gut are long/short

Answer 11

long –> enteric ganglia are within walls of gut tube so postganglionic nerves are short

Question 12

Thoracic and lumbar splanchnic nerves have collateral innervation provided by the ____

Answer 12

prevertebral ganglia

Question 13

Postganglionic sympathetics reach the viscera via the _____

Answer 13

periarterial plexus

Question 14

S fibers carry sensations of visceral pain back from the gut structures they innervate and refer them which dermatomes?

Answer 14

those dermatomes of the body wall that match the sympathetic innervation of the organ

Question 15

T/F visceral pain is well localized

Answer 15

F –> referred pain so poorly localized

Question 16

Secondary retroperitoneal viscera in abdomen

Answer 16

midgut portion of duodenum, pancreas (except tail), ascending colon, descending colon

Question 17

3 synonyms for mesentery remnant

Answer 17

ligament, omentum, meso- (prefix)

Question 18

3 constrictions of esophagus

Answer 18

cervical, thoracic (aortic arch and left atrium/left mainstem bronchus), diaphragmatic

Question 19

Spinal level of cervical constriction of esophagus

Answer 19

C6

Question 20

Spinal level of thoracic constriction of esophagus

Answer 20

T4

Question 21

Spinal level of diaphragmatic constriction of esophagus

Answer 21

T11

Question 22

The esophagus begins at what spinal level?

Answer 22

C6 –> also junction between larynx and trachea

Question 23

Which muscle acts as a sphincter regulating movement of food/fluid into esophagus

Answer 23

cricopharyngeus

Question 24

The esophagus crosses the level of the diaphragm at what spinal level?

Answer 24

T10

Question 25

Muscle mix of upper 5% of esophagus

Answer 25

voluntary skeletal muscle

Question 26

Muscle mix of middle 45% of esophagus

Answer 26

mixture of skeletal and smooth muscle (mostly smooth)

Question 27

Muscle mix of distal 50% of esophagus

Answer 27

involuntary smooth muscle

Question 28

Innervation of esophagus

Answer 28

Vagus --> both skeletal and smooth muscle

Question 29

Three glandular divisions of stomach

Answer 29

cardiac, fundus, pyloric

Question 30

4 anatomic divisions of stomach

Answer 30

cardiac, fundus, body, pylorus

Question 31

Muscle of the inside of the stomach

Answer 31

rugae

Question 32

The opening to the omental bursa/lesser sac is called the _____

Answer 32

epiploic foramen

Question 33

Importance of epiploic foramen

Answer 33

transit point of vasculature, venous drainage, and biliary apparatus of gut to/from liver

Question 34

Area of stomach between pyloric canal and body of stomach

Answer 34

pyloric antrum

Question 35

Point that marks the distinction between pyloric canal and pyloric antrum.

Answer 35

Angular incisure/notch

Question 36

Muscles of stomach

Answer 36

Outer longitudinal, middle circular, innermost oblique --> vs. most viscera which has only two muscle layers (eg. esophagus has outer longitudinal and inner circular)

Question 37

Type of cells lining esophagus

Answer 37

stratified squamous

Question 38

Type of cells lining stomach

Answer 38

simple columnar

Question 39

Histologic point where squamous cells of esophagus give way to columnar cells of stomach

Answer 39

Z line @ level of T11

Question 40

3 branches of celiac trunk

Answer 40

common hepatic, splenic, left gastric

Question 41

Spinal level of celiac trunk

Answer 41

T12-L1

Question 42

Spinal level of SMA

Answer 42

L1

Question 43

Spinal level of IMA

Answer 43

L3

Question 44

Dual blood supply of lesser curvature of stomach

Answer 44

L and R gastric arteries (from celiac trunk and proper hepatic arteries respectively)

Question 45

Dual blood supply of greater curvature of stomach

Answer 45

L and R gastroepiploic arteries (from splenic and gastroduodenal [from common hepatic] arteries respectively)

Question 46

Course of gastroduodenal artery and clinical correlate

Answer 46

arises from common hepatic and descends down posterior to first part of duodenum --> put at risk by ulcers of posterior duodenal wall

Question 47

Blood supply of fundus of stomach

Answer 47

short gastric arteries (from splenic)

Question 48

Innervation of stomach

Answer 48

vagus nerves: anterior vagal trunk/anterior esophageal plexus (previously L vagus) and posterior vagal trunk/posterior esophageal plexus (previously R vagus)

Question 49

Portion of duodenum that is foregut

Answer 49

parts 1 and half of 2 prior to entrance of bile duct

Question 50

Bile and pancreatic secretions drain into the 2nd part of the duodenum at the _____

Answer 50

major duodenal papilla

Question 51

Plicae circulares

Answer 51

mucosal surface of jejunum have an array of circular folds vs smooth mucosal surface of ileum

Question 52

Simple arcades, long vasa recta

Answer 52

jejunum

Question 53

Complex arcades, short vasa recta

Answer 53

ileum

Question 54

Strips of longitudinal muscle of large bowel

Answer 54

3 taenia coli

Question 55

Outpocketings of large bowel

Answer 55

haustrations

Question 56

Omental/epiploic appendages

Answer 56

Fat droplets that emanate from taenia coli

Question 57

3 main branches of SMA

Answer 57

iliocolic, right colic, middle colic

Question 58

Collateral blood supply of large bowel

Answer 58

marginal artery

Question 59

3 main branches of IMA

Answer 59

left colic, sigmoidal, suprior rectal

Question 60

Area of large bowel that is particularly vulnerable to ischemia

Answer 60

juncture of mid/hindgut where IMA and SMA branches anastamose

Question 61

Internal anal sphincter is under voluntary/involuntary control

Answer 61

voluntary