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G.I & Nutrition > Alimentary and Paraalimentary Tract Embryology > Flashcards

Alimentary and Paraalimentary Tract Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

The process of embryonic folding of the gut tube will capture a part of the ______ in the formation of the lumen.

A

yolk sac

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2
Q

The continuity between the lumen of the forming GI tract and the midgut is maintained via the _____ duct which becomes a part of the _____.

A

vitelline duct –> incorporated into the umbilicus

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3
Q

The gut tube is surround by derivatives of which embryonic layer?

A

endoderm

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4
Q

The gut tube is suspended in the central body cavity by ______.

A

mesentery

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5
Q

The coming together of the ______ folds at the ventral midline leads to the separation of the body cavity from the outside world.

A

lateral

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6
Q

The midgut opening narrows to form the vitelline duct by day ____.

A

26

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7
Q

How many invaginations of the sac roof are required to form the gut tube?

A

3: cranila, lateral, caudal invaginations

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8
Q

The _______ membrane marks the future position of the mouth and seals the cranial end of the gut tube.

A

oro/buccopharyngeal membrane

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9
Q

Another name for the oral cavity.

A

stomodeum

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10
Q

The _______ membrane marks the future position of the rectum and seals the caudal end of the gut tube.

A

cloacal membrane

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11
Q

The _______ coelom forms with the completion of embryonic folding and becomes the ______ cavity.

A

intraembryonic coelom –> peritoneal cavity

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12
Q

At week 5 the endodermal gut tube is hollow/solid/recanalizing?

A

hollow

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13
Q

At week 6 the endodermal gut tube is hollow/solid/recanalizing?

A

solid and occluded by endodermal proliferate

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14
Q

At week 7/8 the endodermal gut tube is hollow/solid/recanalizing?

A

recanalizing

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15
Q

At week 9 the endodermal gut tube is hollow/solid/recanalizing?

A

definitively hollow gut

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16
Q

3 complications of the gut recanalization process

A

atresia: blockage of tube
stenosus: narrowing of tube
duplication: blind branch of gut tube exists in parallel to main branch

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17
Q

The thoracic foregut lies above the _______ and consists of what structures?

A

septum transversum // contains pharynx and respiratory diverticulum

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18
Q

Immediately inferior to the septum transversum lies the _____ and consists of what structures?

A

abdominal foregut: stomach, superior duodenum, liver, pancreas, gallbladder

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19
Q

The midgut extends from the ______ to the _____.

A

inferior duodenum to partway through the transverse colon

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20
Q

The hindgut extends from the ______ to the ______.

A

transverse colon to the rectum

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21
Q

T/F foregut/midgut/hindgut are divided up based on embryological significance.

A

F –> based on regional bloodsupply/anatomy

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22
Q

The area of the gut supplied by aortic branches is called the:

A

thoracic foregut

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23
Q

The area of the gut supplied by celiac branches is called the:

A

abdominal foregut

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24
Q

The area of the gut supplied by SMA is called the:

A

midgut

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25
Q

The area of the gut supplied by IMA is called the:

A

hindgut

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26
Q

Foregut/Midgut/Hindgut (F/M/H)? pharynx

A

F

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27
Q

Foregut/Midgut/Hindgut (F/M/H)? Inferior duodenum

A

M

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28
Q

Foregut/Midgut/Hindgut (F/M/H)? Jejunum

A

M

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29
Q

Foregut/Midgut/Hindgut (F/M/H)? Thoracic Esophagus

A

F

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30
Q

Foregut/Midgut/Hindgut (F/M/H)? Transverse Colon Left 1/3

A

H

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31
Q

Foregut/Midgut/Hindgut (F/M/H)? Descending colon

A

H

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32
Q

Foregut/Midgut/Hindgut (F/M/H)? Abdominal esophagus

A

F

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33
Q

Foregut/Midgut/Hindgut (F/M/H)? Ileum

A

M

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34
Q

Foregut/Midgut/Hindgut (F/M/H)? Stomach

A

F

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35
Q

Foregut/Midgut/Hindgut (F/M/H)? Sigmoid Colon

A

H

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36
Q

Foregut/Midgut/Hindgut (F/M/H)? Rectum

A

H

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37
Q

Foregut/Midgut/Hindgut (F/M/H)? Transverse Colon Right 2/3s

A

M

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38
Q

Foregut/Midgut/Hindgut (F/M/H)? Ascending Colon

A

M

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39
Q

Foregut/Midgut/Hindgut (F/M/H)? Appendix

A

M

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40
Q

Foregut/Midgut/Hindgut (F/M/H)? Cecum

A

M

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41
Q

Foregut/Midgut/Hindgut (F/M/H)? Superior dudoenum

A

F

42
Q

Foregut/Midgut/Hindgut (F/M/H)? Lungs

A

F

43
Q

Foregut/Midgut/Hindgut (F/M/H)? liver/hepatic duct/gallbladder/cystic duct/bile duct/dorsal and ventral pancreatic buds

A

F

44
Q

Foregut/Midgut/Hindgut (F/M/H)? Pharyngeal pouch derivatives

A

F

45
Q

Foregut/Midgut/Hindgut (F/M/H)? Urogenital sinus

A

H

46
Q

The formation of the lung bud begins on day ___

A

25

47
Q

Complete blockage or narrowing o the esophagus due to failure of recanalization

A

esophageal atresia and stenosis

48
Q

Caudal displacement of the septum between the trachea and esophagugs results in incomplete separation of the respiratory and esophageal tubes, named what?

A

Tracheoesophageal Fistula

49
Q

A failure of the esophagus to elongate displaces part of the stomach into the thoracic cavity (short esophagus) leading to a condition called ____.

A

congenital hiatal hernia

50
Q

Why does the stomach gain curvature and therefore have a greater/dorsal and lesser/ventral curvature?

A

the dorsal wall/mesentery grows faster than the ventral wlal

51
Q

Why does the greater curvature of the stomach end up on the left?

A

a differential thinning of the dorsal mesentery leads to a 90 degree rotation of the stomach

52
Q

How is the caudal end of the gut tube suspended?

A

by the dorsal mesentery whereas the cranial end has both a dorsal and a ventral mesentery

53
Q

T/F Rotation of the stomach is genetically controlled?

A

T –> a differential change in cell shape/packing leads to left right asymmetry due to stomach rotation

54
Q

Duodenal atresia and stenosis

A

complete blockage or narrowing of the duodenal lumen due to a failure of recanalization and a proximal dilation of the duodenum

55
Q

How does duodenal atresia present on ultrasound?

A

double bubble –> appearance of stomach and proximal duodenum are dilated and fluid filled

56
Q

The ______ expands to form the greater omentum.

A

dorsal mesentery

57
Q

The ______ of the stomach is the lesser omentum.

A

ventral mesentery

58
Q

The _______ of the peritoneal cavity is located dorsal to the stomach.

A

lesser sac

59
Q

The two peritoneal compartments are connected by the _______

A

epiploic foramen

60
Q

By what day is the peritoneum divided into two cavities?

A

36-40 days

61
Q

On day 22 the _____ forms on the ventral surface of the superior duodenum.

A

hepatic plate

62
Q

Proliferation of the hepatic plate forms the ____ which grows into the _________.

A

hepatic diverticulum –> ventral mesentery

63
Q

The ventral mesentery connects the liver to the stomach via the lesser omentum and to the ventral body wall via the _____

A

falciform ligament

64
Q

The hepatic diverticulum gives rise to what 3 structures?

A

hepatic cords, hepatic duct, and bile canaliculi

65
Q

On day 26, the ________ forms on the ventral duodenum caudal to the hepatic diverticulum.

A

cystic diverticulum

66
Q

The cystic diverticulum leads to the formation of what strucutres?

A

gallbladder and cystic duct

67
Q

Cells at the junction of what two structures proliferate to form the bile duct?

A

junction of the hepatic and cystic ducts

68
Q

Splitting of the cystic diverticulum is called _____ and is symptomatic/asymptomatic.

A

gallbladder duplication –> asymptomatic

69
Q

Obstruction of the bile duct occurs in 1:10,000 births due to a failure to canalize leading to a condition called what?

A

extrahepatic biliary atresia

70
Q

The bile ducts initially form as a hollow/solid tube and then undergo canalization/recanalization.

A

The bile ducts form as solid cords and are canalized to form hollow tubes (vs. the gut tube which forms as a hollow cord and then becomes solid and then undergoes recanalization)

71
Q

On day 26, the ________ forms on the dorsal duodenum and grows into the dorsal mesentery. The _______ forms on the ventral duodenum, caudal to the __________ and grows into the ventral mesentery.

A

dorsal pancreatic bud // ventral pancreatic bud is caudal to the hepatic and cystic diverticuli

72
Q

During weeks 5-6, the _______ pancreatic bud migrates around the duodenum to fuse with the other bud.

A

ventral pancreatic bud

73
Q

The ______ degenerates upon fusion of the two pancreatic buds and the ____ becomes the main pancreatic connection to the duodenum.

A

The dorsal duct degenerates // the ventral duct becomes the main connection

74
Q

Anular pancreas

A

two attached ventral buds rotate in opposite directions to fuse with the dorsal bud, causing duodenal stenosis or atresia.

75
Q

The process by which the pancreas and the duodenum fuse with the dorsal body wall is called _____

A

fixation

76
Q

Structures initially suspended from mesenteries that become attached to the body wall (duodenum, pancreas, colon)

A

secondarily retroperitoneal (e.g. duodenum, pancreas, colon)

77
Q

Structures suspended by mesenteries within the peritoneal cavity (stomach, gallbladder, transverse colon)

A

intraperitoneal (e.g. stomach, gallbladder, transverse colon)

78
Q

Structures attached to the body wall outside the peritoneal cavity

A

retroperitoneal (e.g. thoracic esophagus, rectum)

79
Q

During week 5-6, the ____lengthens more rapidly than the abdominal cavity causing the midgut to fold into the primary intestinal loop.

A

ileum

80
Q

The cranial half of the intestinal loop forms what structures?

A

the ileum

81
Q

The caudal half of the intestinal loop forms what structures?

A

ascending and transverse colon.

82
Q

The ______ end of the intestinal loop is attached to the umbilicus.

A

Ventral

83
Q

By week 6, the elongation of the midgut forces the intestinal loop to herniate into the ______.

A

umbilicus

84
Q

As the primary intestinal loop herniates into the umbilicus, it rotates 90 degrees so the cranial half moves to the right/left and the caudal half moves to the right/left.

A

cranial moves right, caudal moves left

85
Q

During week 10, the intestinal loop retracts into the abdominal cavity and undergoes what movement?

A

an additional 180 degree rotation

86
Q

The intestinal loop rotates a total of ____ degrees.

A

270

87
Q

By week 11 the _____ is fixed to the dorsal body wall while the ileum and transverse colon remain suspended by mesenteries.

A

ascending colon

88
Q

Herniation of the intestines into the umbilical cord due to a failure of the midgut to return to the abdomen at week 10.

A

congenital omphalocele

89
Q

A failure of the umbilicus to close completely results in intestinal herniation following appropriate return to the abdomen.

A

umbilical hernia

90
Q

Extrusion of midgut structures through the ventral body wall due to incomplete lateral folding during week 4.

A

Gastroschisis.

91
Q

A remnant of the yolk stalk persists as an outpouching of the ileum-can contain gastric or pancreatic tissue and cause appendicitis-like symptoms.

A

ilela/meckel’s diverticulum

92
Q

Nonrotation

A

a failure of rotation leading to opposite organ siding

93
Q

A failure of fixation can lead to ________

A

midgut volvulus –> can occlude gut canal or cause ischemia

94
Q

The hindgut forms an expansion called the cloaca that is sealed by the ______.

A

cloacal membrane

95
Q

During weeks 4-6, the cloaca is divided into the rectum and urogenital sinus by the ______.

A

urorectal septum

96
Q

The urorectal septum fuses with the _____ to form a ____ and a ____ separated by the perineum

A

fuses with the cloacal membrane to form a urogenital membrane and an anal membrane

97
Q

Proliferation of the anal membrane forms the _____

A

anal pit

98
Q

In week 8 the anal pit invaginates to form the _____

A

anorectal canal

99
Q

What is the embryologic origin of the anorectal canal?

A

top 2/3 = endoderm, bottom 1/3 = ectoderm

100
Q

The visible junction between the ectoderm and the endoderm of the anorectal canal is called _____

A

the pectinate line

101
Q

Dilation of a region of the colon due to a peristalsis defect-caused by a failure of neural crest migration (weeks 5-7) and enteric ganglion formation.

A

congenital megacolon/hirschsprung’s –> distal aganglionic segment is narrowed, ganglionic proximal segment is distended

102
Q

Failure of anal perforation during week 8.

A

membranous atresia

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