Grammar Rules! Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

7 phrases that do NOT take subjunctive

A
Segundo me
Per me
Visto che
Dato che (since: dacché)
Siccome  
Probabilemente
Forse

Note: Anche se (although) takes indicative UNLESS it expresses a possibility (even if) … could be true or false … in a concessive phrase. If concessive, verb takes the subjunctive; the other verb is in conditional:

Continuerebbero a studiare ANCHE SE fossero stanchi.

Anche se can also take the conditional (as can sebbene/nonostante/malgrado) to indicate personal opinion/desire which doesn’t impact verb (indicative) in other phrase:

Continuano a studiare ANCHE SE (etc) non vorrebbero farlo.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

5 main uses of DI

A
  1. Possessive
  2. CITY of origin (use essere)
  3. Material of which something is made
  4. Introduce the subject of a discussion:
    Parlo D’archeologia.
  5. Mode/manner of something:
    Sono DI buon umore
    Vado a lavorare DI corsa (in a hurry/ running)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

6 main uses of DA

A
  1. Place of origin (city, country, etc; use verb not essere)
  2. Movement towards a person/”chez”
  3. Quantity of time: Studio italiano DA 5 anni;
    Sono qui DA gennaio a settembre
  4. Function of something: occhiali DA sole
  5. Subject/actor of passive voice: La canzone e stata scritta DA Zucchero.
  6. Value/cost of something: ..una casa DA $1M euro.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

5 uses of CI

A
  1. DO for noi
  2. IDO for A noi
    CON noi
    CON lui/lei/loro
  3. Averb of luogo
  4. Substitute A questo/quello, phrase, etc.
    CON
    SU
    IN
  5. Pronominal verb: ex., esserci (c’è/ci sono …), volerci, metterci …

Note: “Ci” is also used in the impersonal form for reflexive verbs (ci+si+verb):

Es. Lavarsi: Quando ci si lava, tutto è bene. (When one washes oneself, all is good.)

Recall one can make an impersonal statement by using si + 3rd personal singular of verb (“Si dice che …”). With reflexive verbs, there is already a “si” … so use “ci” to make impersonal …

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

ANCHE SE and verb moods (Indicative, Subjunctive, Conditional)

A

INDICATIVE: Anche se (although) takes indicative when allied to a real fact that nevertheless will not impact the verb in the other phrase (also in the indicative):

Continuano a studiare ANCHE SE sono stanchi.

Note: Same meaning with sebbene/nonostante/malgrado, but they take the subjunctive.

SUBJUNCTIVE: Anche se (“even if”) takes the subjunctive when it expresses a possibility [which could be true or false] in a concessive phrase. Other verb is in conditional:

Continuerebbero a studiare ANCHE SE fossero stanchi.

CONDITIONAL: Anche se (although) can also take the conditional (as can sebbene/nonostante/malgrado) to indicate personal opinion/desire which doesn’t impact verb in other phrase (which is in the indicative):

Continuano a studiare ANCHE SE (etc) non vorrebbero farlo.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

I Verbi Causativi/Fattitivi: FARE (command)

Causative: Acting as a cause

A

Use to express command

Elements:

  1. Subject which does/does not command other(s) to do something
  2. FARE conjugated in appropriate tense
  3. Infinitive verb which is the action being caused
  4. Subject being commanded (or not) to act
    • If infinitive is transitive verb, preceded by A (if pronoun sub’d, use IDO pronoun)
    • If infinitive is INtransitive verb, NOT preceded by A (if pronoun sub’d, use DO pronoun)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

I Verbi Causativi/Fattitivi: FARE (examples)

A

TRANSITIVE verb in infinitive: (preceded by A/use IDO)

Mio nonno fa RIPARE i termosifoni AL tecnico.
Mio nonno GLI far riparare i termosifoni.

INTRANSITIVE verb in infinitive: (can substitute DO)

Mio cugino ha fatto ENTRARE in ufficio la sua amica.
Mio cugino L’ha fatta entrare in ufficio.

Note: Only with FARE as causative (i.e., not lasciare), can omit/not identify the subject which is being commanded to do something (Mio nonno fa riparare i termosifoni.)

NOTE: Often causative FARE is used in place of causative LASCIARE: Fammi dormire invece di Lasciami dormire.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

I Verbi Causativi: LASCIARE (permission)

Causative: Acting as a cause

A

Use to express permission

Elements:

  1. Subject which does/does not command other(s) to do something
  2. FARE conjugated in appropriate tense
  3. Infinitive verb which is the action being caused
  4. Subject being commanded (or not) to act
    • If infinitive is transitive verb, preceded by A (if pronoun sub’d, use IDO pronoun)
    • If infinitive is INtransitive verb, not preceded by A (if pronoun sub’d, use DO pronoun)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

I Verbi Causativi: LASCIARE (examples)

A

TRANSITIVE verb in infinitive: (preceded by A/use IDO)

La mama lascia avere un cane alla bambina.
La mama LE lascia avere un cane.

INTRANSITIVE verb in infinitive: (can substitute DO)

I genitori non hanno lasciato uscire il figlio.
I genitori non L’hanno lasciato uscire.

NOTE: Instead of using causative construction, can use subjunctive instead (only with LASCIARE):

La mama lascia che la bambina abbia un cane.

NOTE: Often causative FARE is used in place of causative LASCIARE: Fammi dormire invece di Lasciami dormire.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

3 Pronomi Relativi Invariabili

A

Purpose: Join one phrase to another which adds more information

CHE: For subject, DO
Il ragazzo che legge/che vedo è italiano.

CUI: For IDO only and always preceded by simple preposition
Il ragazzo di cui parlo è italiano.

CHI: For subject, DO, IDO (w/ simple preposition) but FOR PEOPLE ONLY (use in the singular with the meaning “the people that”)

Chi vuole prendere questo treno deve fare la prenotazione. (Le persone che volgliono prendere …) [subject]
Non sento chi parla. [DO]
Dimmi con chi vai e ti dirò chi sei. [IDO with simple preposition]

Bottom line: CHI has all the role uses of both CHE + CUI together (cioè, can be used as a Subject, DO, and IDO w/simple prep), BUT For People Only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Hypothetical Conditional

A

Se fosse in me= if you were me …

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Prepositions A/IN

A

Vado AL parco
AL mare
IN città
IN montagna

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Pronomi oggetto diretto

A

mi ci
ti vi
LA, lo/la LI, LE, li/le

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Pronomi oggetto indiretto

A

mi ci
ti vi
LE, gli/le LORO, loro

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

CHE and DO/Past Participle agreement (or not)

A

Questa è la cosa CHE ho compratO. No agreement bc of intervening CHE
Però
Ho comprato una casa molti anni fa ed oggi l’ho vendutA.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Definite article con languages

A

Use the definite article with languages (es. il, la, lo, l’) EXCEPT:

Parlare
Di
In
IF the language follows immediately afterwards

Es. Gli studenti imparano l’inglese.

MA

Parlo inglese (MA Parlo molto bene l’inglese.)
Ho un libro di/in inglese.

17
Q

3 uses of “Magari!” – not all require subjunctive

A
  1. “Maybe” - NOT subjunctive:
    Magari tutto andrà bene… (Shows more excitement than neutral “forse”; no particular preference as to possibility)
  2. “You bet!” (“With pleasure”)
    Ti piacerebbe andare in Italia? Magari!!! (“Volentieri!”) (Stresses how much you want something, usually if someone is offering you something. Not used as often as “volentieri”)
  3. “If only ..”- Takes subjunctive:
    Sei miliardario? Magari fosse vero!!!! (Describing something hypothetical, not really attainable. Use imperfect subj. for wish in the present. If wish were in the past, use congiuntivo trapassato: Magari fosse stato vero!! C.T. impossibility .. because in the past.)
18
Q

Express probability using the indicative rather than the subjunctive

A
  1. Forse/magari/probabilmente + verb (generally in present or future tense)
    Forse/magari andiamo insieme in Italia.
  2. Chiedersi (wonder)/non sapere + se (generally future tense)
    Non so se andremo insieme in Italia.

NOTE: Can use subjunctive with chiedersi se/non sapere se, but in that case, you refer to past or present, NEVER future (Non so se sia andata in Italia: I don’t know whether she went to Italy.)

  1. Vedere in present or future tense, esp. In response to a question
    Andiamo insieme in Italia l’anno prossimo? Vedremo.
  2. Quasi quasi
    Quasi quasi vado in Italia (I’m tempted/I might go to Italy.)