Gould

Question 1

Background

Answer 1

Yerkes created IQ tests for soldiers to figure out their roles.
Tests were based on the idea that intelligence is inherited.

Question 2

Procedure

Answer 2

3 types of tests:
Army Alpha: For literate soldiers (written test).
Army Beta: For illiterate or non-English speakers (pictorial test).
Individual spoken test: For those who failed both other tests.
Tests were biased towards language and culture.

Question 3

Sample

Answer 3

1.75 million men from the U.S. Army, including White Americans, African Americans, and European immigrants.

Question 4

Aim

Answer 4

To show that IQ tests used in the U.S. Army during WWI were biased and unfair.

Question 5

Findings

Answer 5

White Americans had an average IQ of 13 years old.
Black Americans scored the lowest.
Southern/Eastern Europeans scored lower than Northern/Western Europeans.
This was used to justify racist immigration policies.

Question 6

Conclusions

Answer 6

The tests were biased and unfair.
Intelligence cannot be measured fairly by these tests.
The results were misused for discrimination.

Question 7

Nature vs Nurture

Answer 7

Nature: Yerkes believed intelligence is inherited (genetic).
Nurture: Gould argued that intelligence tests are affected by education and environment, not just genetics.
✅ Link: The study shows how culture and background influence intelligence, not just biology.

Question 8

Free Will and Determinism

Answer 8

Determinism: Yerkes thought intelligence determined people’s roles in society.
Free Will: Gould believed people can improve their intelligence through education, not just by birth.
✅ Link: The study suggests society’s view of intelligence limits people’s opportunities.

Question 9

Situational/ Individual

Answer 9

Situational: Gould argued that the bias in tests (such as language) explained poor results.
Individual: Yerkes believed differences in intelligence were because of personal abilities.
✅ Link: Gould showed how tests (situational factors) affected results, not just individual abilities.

Question 10

Ethical

Answer 10

The study raised questions about the ethics of using biased intelligence tests to make important decisions, like immigration policy.
✅ Link: It shows how psychological tests can be misused to support harmful ideas.

Question 11

Usefulness

Answer 11

Useful: The study helped show the importance of fair testing and avoiding bias.
Limitations: It focused on one historical case, and some critics say the tests used were outdated.
✅ Link: The study is useful for critiquing psychological testing but may not apply to modern tests.