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MED 2031 Wks 1-6 > GIT PHYS > Flashcards

GIT PHYS Flashcards

1
Q

wen u have taste smell, thought of food etc, the stimulation to get salviation is via

A

parasymp nerves

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2
Q

ptyalism/drooling

A

treated by atropine (muscarinic antagonist) -start with low dose

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3
Q

serostomia (dry mouth) diagnosis n treatment

A

5% citric acid
swallowing difficulty (ask pt to swallow dry biscuit without water)
treat cause first then use muscarinic antagonist

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4
Q

para activation on salivation

A

get lots of more saliva output

response is sustained (over long time)

if u chop of para nerve- u get decreased secretion AND atrophy of salivary glands

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5
Q

sympa activation on salivation

A

get only a little bit more of saliva output

response is only for short time (transient)

if u chop of sympa nerve (denervate it)- get decreased secretion only

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6
Q

mucus cells release

A

mucus

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7
Q

parietal cells release

A

intrinsic factor and hcl

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8
Q

chief cell release

A

pepsinogen

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9
Q

enteroendocrine cells:

ECL and G

A

ECL-histamine

G-gastrin

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10
Q

wat cells are where in gastric gland?

A

mucus on top
then parietal n chief
then enteroendocrine

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11
Q

pernicious anemia

A

we need it B12 for maturation of rbc.

no parietal cell=
no inrinsic factor
=no vit b 12 absorption

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12
Q

pepsin works at what ph

A

around 1.8 to 3.5 it

if ph above 5, it doesn’t work

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13
Q

STIMULATION OF PARIETAL CELLS ie RECEPTOR MEDIATED ACID SECRETION

A

Gastrin, histamine, Ach can act on receptors to stimulate parietal cells to release more HCL

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14
Q

STIMULATION OF PARIETAL CELLS ie RECEPTOR MEDIATED ACID SECRETION

A
  • via ACH, HISTAMINE and GASTRIN acting directly onto the receptors
  • via gastrin doing long way
  • Via Ach doing long way
  • Caffeine
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15
Q

Somatostatin

A

inhibits HCL secretion

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16
Q

things that stimulate HCL secretion from parietal cells?

A

Gastrin, histamine, Ach

caffeine –get more acid secretion when theres too much caffeine

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17
Q

long way of gastrin stimulating HCL secretion from parietal cell

A
  1. meat or protein food stimulate G cells to release gastrin
  2. when gastrin is released, it stimulates ECL cells to relase histamine
  3. histamine tells parietal cells to release HCL and intrinsic factor
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18
Q

STIMULATION OF PEPSINOGEN RELEASE

A
  1. by each from vagus nerves/gastro enteric nervous plexus

2. acidity in stomach (not much. mainly no. 1^)

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19
Q

cephalic phase of HCL secretion

A

stimulus: semll, sight sound, chewing, thought of food, taste

stimulates parietal cell to release HCL via Ach n gastrin

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20
Q

gastric phase of HCL secretion

A

stimulus: distention of stomach, presence of semi digested proteins, an increase in ph (more alkaline)

stimulates parietal cell to release HCL via Ach n gastrin

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21
Q

intestinal phase of HCL secretion

A

stimulus: stretch of duodenum, protein digested products

inhibits secretionof hl by decreasing Ach and gastrin secretion

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22
Q

exocrine

A

into duct

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23
Q

endocrine

A

into blood stream

24
Q

pancreas exocrine ducts

A

secretes pancreatic juice

25
Q

pancreatic juic

A

• =pancreatic enzymes + sodium bicarbonate

is alkaline

26
Q

pancreatic enzymes that are inactive wen secreted

A
  • trypsinogen
  • chymotrypsinogen
  • carboxypolypeptidase
27
Q

pathway fro secretion of proteolytic enzymes from pancreas

A
  1. trypsinogen activated to trypsin by enterokinase
  2. trypsin then activates a lot of stuff
    a. chymotrypsinogen into chymotrypsin
    b. procarboxypolypeptidase into carboxypolypeptidase
    c. trypsinogen into trypsin
28
Q

sodium bicroabonate (component of pancreatic juice) is released by

A

epithelial cells of the ductules and ducts.

29
Q

enzymes (component of panreatic juice) released by

A

acini cells

30
Q

at top of intestine, ACIDITY of chyme stimulates release of

A

secretin from S cells

31
Q

at top of intestine, ACIDITY of chyme stimulates release of

A

secretin from S cells

32
Q

at top of intestine, FATTINESS of chyme stimulates release of

A

CCK from T cells

33
Q

secretin job

A

at pancreas: stimulates the release of a sodium bicarbonate water solution at pancreas

at liver- stimulates the ductal cells to secrete an alkaline or bicarbonate solutions

34
Q

cck job

A

o CCk stimulates release of pancreatic enzymes at pancreas

also comes down onto gall bladder (tells gall bladder to constract) AND relaxation of Sphintor of Oddi

35
Q

secretin job

A

stimulates the release of a sodium bicarbonate water solution at pancreas

36
Q

cck job

A

o CCk stimulates release of pancreatic enzymes at pancreas

also acts on gall bladder (tells gall bladder to constrict)

37
Q

Ach going to pancreas does what

A

stimulates the pancreas to release pancreatic enzymes

in cephalic n gastric stage

38
Q

longitudinal smooth muscles cells does wat

A

• SHORTENING OF THE GUT (ie vertically) will involve longitudinal cells

39
Q

circular cells

A

• CONSTRICTION OF THE GUT (ie horizontally will involve circular cells

40
Q

oesophageal peristalsis

A

above the bolus, have constriction

below the bolus, have shortening

41
Q

sympa actiavtion on sphinctor=

A

closes sphinctor

42
Q

parasympa n myenteric plexus on sphinctor

A

relaxes/opens sphinctor

43
Q

autonomic nerves are in

A

circular smooth muscle layer

44
Q

para symp on gut motility n secretion

A

aCH will increase gut motitly n secretion

45
Q

MOTILITY OF THE SMALL INTESTINE

A

o Segmenting contractions

o Migrating Myoelectric Contractions

46
Q

MIGRATING MYOELECTRIC COMPLEX:

A

wen ur not eating/no food in entering stomach

stomach to the large intestine

initiated by increase in
chypme PH or motlin
(eating stops release of motilin)

47
Q

MOTILITY OF LARGE INTESTINE

A

 Haustral contractions

 Mass movements

48
Q

Wen u defaecate:

A

o Rectum contracts
o Internal anal sphincter relaxes
o External anal sphincter relaxes

49
Q

HIRSHPSRUNG DISEASE

A

FROM Aganglionic megacolon

50
Q

achalasia

A

lower oesophageal sphinctor fails to relax

51
Q

portal triad

A

hepatic artery
hepatic portal vein
bile duct

52
Q

pathway of bile seccretion

A 
liver
cannaliculi
terminal Bile duct
hepatic duct
common bile duct 
(duo or cystic duct into gall bladder
53
Q

leptin

A

makes u feel full hormone
acts on arcuate ..of hypothalamus
tells brain about fat: more fat=more leptin=less hunger
decreases NPY expression
in obesed ppl-decreased sensitivity to leptin
low leptin=low reproductive hormone levels
increased leptin= increased thermogenesis

54
Q

ghrelin

A

makes u feel hungry hormone

secreted wen stomach is empty

55
Q

leptin

A

makes u feel full hormone
acts on arcuate ..of hypothalamus
tells brain about fat: more fat=more leptin=less hunger
decreases NPY expression
in obesed ppl-decreased sensitivity to leptin
low leptin=low reproductive hormone levels
increased leptin= increased thermogenesis
spring= leptin effective
autumn=leptin not effective

MED 2031 Wks 1-6 (16 decks)

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