Abdomen pathologies

Question 1

oesophageal varices

Answer 1

anastomosis bw oesophageal branch of LEFT GASTRIC VEIN and oesophageal branch of AZYGOUS VEIN is wat gets distended

consequence of portal hypertension, commonly due to cirrhosis (which is due to alcohol); patients have a strong tendency to develop bleeding.

Question 2

FOREGUT:

Answer 2

from abdominal oesophagus to major duodenal papilla

Question 3

MIDGUT

Answer 3

from major duodenal papilla to 2/3 distal colon

Question 4

HINDGUT

Answer 4

from 2/3 distal colon to upper half way of anal canal

Question 5

where does pain refer to for foregut?

Answer 5

epigastrium – T7-9 mainly T8

Question 6

where does pain refer to for midgut?

Answer 6

umbilicus – T10

Question 7

where does pain refer to for hindgut?

Answer 7

– T11-L1 mainly T12

Question 8

4 anatomic constrictions of oesophagus

Answer 8

Pharynx joins oesophagus
arch of aorta crosses it
left main broncus crosses it
diagphragm

Question 9

constrictions of oesophagus at pharynx join

Answer 9

C6. 15 cm away from teeth

Question 10

constrictions of oesophagus at arch of aorta

Answer 10

T4. 22 cm away from teeth

Question 11

constrictions of oesophagus at left main broncus

Answer 11

T5. 27 cm away from teeth

Question 12

constrictions of oesophagus at diaphragm

Answer 12

T10

Question 13

layers of stomach

Answer 13

• 3 muscle coats- innermost is oblique, longitudinal layer and circular

Question 14

rectal varices

get hemorrhoids

Answer 14

anastomosis bw Superior rectal vein (portal) n

Middle & inferior rectal veins (systemic)

Question 15

Umbilical varices ( get caput medusae)

Answer 15

anastomosis bw Paraumbilical veins (portal) n Superficial epigastric vein (systemic)

Question 16

PUD

gastric ulcer can cause bleeding of which artery?

Answer 16

splenic

Question 17

PUD

duodenal ulcer can cause bleeding of which artery?

Answer 17

– Gastroduodenal artery

Question 18

Duodenal ulcer most likely to form in

Answer 18

first part of duodenum

Question 19

causes of defective gastric acid secretion

Answer 19

surgical removal of stomach

autoimmune gastritis (achlorhydria =absence of HCL in stomach)

pernicious anaemia

neurological disturbance

Question 20

umbilical varices -wat veins?

Answer 20

Paraumbilical veins (portal)
Superficial epigastric vein (systemic)

Question 21

umbilical varices -wat veins?

caput medusae

Answer 21

Paraumbilical veins (portal)
Superficial epigastric vein (systemic)

Question 22

rectal varices -wat veins?

hemorroids

Answer 22

superior rectal vein (portal)

Middle & inferior rectal veins (systmeic

Question 23

in varices- wat is the clinical presentation

Answer 23

hematemesis

melena

Question 24

• The functional lower esophageal sphincter stops which disease process from occurring in the esophagus?

Answer 24

• The functional lower esophageal sphincter stops which disease process from occurring in the esophagus?
– Prevents metaplasia seen in Barrett’s esophagus

Question 25

mcburneys pnt tenderness

Answer 25

=acute appendicitis

Question 26

mcburneys pnt tenderness aka mcburnys sign

Answer 26

=acute appendicitis

Question 27

direct inguinal hernia

Answer 27

medial to inferior epigastric vessels • Organ goes through peritoneum and transversalis fascia (in inguinal triangle) to enter inguinal canal (usually only goes trhough medial third of inguinal canal)

Question 28

indirect inguinal hernia

Answer 28

lateral to inferior epigastric vessels | • Organ goes through deep inguinal ring into inguinal canal

Question 29

wen lying down fluid accumulates in

Answer 29

hepatorenal (Morrison’s) pouch

Question 30

phrenicocolic ligament

Answer 30

Morrison’s pouch and the pouch of Douglas are connected on the right side by the right paracolic gutter; they are not connected on the left by the left paracolic gutter due to the presence of the phrenicocolic ligament which blocks this expressway. Thus, a perforated gastric ulcer would cause gastric fluid to go down the right side. If the perforation was below the phrenicocolic ligament on the left, the leaking contents would go down the left paracolic gutter.

Question 31

CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS

Answer 31

gallstones in common bile duct

Question 32

CHOLANGITIS/ASCENDING CHOLANGITIS

Answer 32

infection and inflammation of the bile ducts

Question 33

CHOLECYSTITIS/ACUTE CHOLECYSTITIS

Answer 33

inflammation of gallbladder

Question 34

CHOLELITHIASIS

Answer 34

formation of gall stone in gall bladder

Question 35

in acute appendicitis can get

Answer 35

grey-turner sign- bruising on each flank cullens sign- bruising around umbilicus

Question 36

Courvoisier’s sign

Answer 36

painlessly distended gallbladder- in pancreatic cancer

Question 37

strong RIF (right iliac fossa aka right iliac region) pain

Answer 37

appendicitis

Question 38

appendicitis signs

Answer 38

McBurney’s sign (mcburneys pnt=2/3 from umbilicus , and one third from ASIS), Rovsing’s sign, and rebound tenderness.

Question 39

constipation

Answer 39

pass stools less than 2 times per week with straining more than 25% of the time hard stool and incomplete evacuation

Question 40

gastroperesis (wat dan had)

Answer 40

main cause: diabetic autonomic neuropathy