GI System Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are 3 constrictions of oesophagus

A

Cervical
Thoracic
Diaphragmatic

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2
Q

Where does oesophagus pass through at diaphragm

A

Oesophageal hiatus

Acts as sphincter

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3
Q

How is oesophagus peritonised

A

Retroperitoneal

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4
Q

What part of stomach does oesophagus enter

A

Cardial orifice

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5
Q

What type of muscle is the oesophagus

A

Striated at top

Becomes smooth

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6
Q

What is the arterial supply

A

Left gastric - oesophageal branches
Celiac trunk
Left inferior phrenic

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7
Q

What is the venous drainage

A

Left gastric -> portal venous

Oesophageal -> azgous

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8
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the oesophagus

A

Left gastric

Celiac

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9
Q

What innervates the oesophagus

A

Vagus nere
Thoracic sympathetic
Splanchnic nerve

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10
Q

What are the parts of the stomach

A

Cardia - surrounds cardiac orifice (no sphincter)

Fundus - filled with gas at top related to left dome of diaphragm

Body

Pylorus - pyloric sphincter controlling discharge into duodenum

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11
Q

What is behind the shorter curvature

A

Lesser sac / omentum

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12
Q

What is surface anatomy of the liver

A

Ribs 7-11

Right side

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13
Q

What is produced in the liver and where does it go

A

Bile

Secreted into R and L hepatic ducts which go to gall bladder for storage

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14
Q

What happens during a meal to allow bile into duodenum

A

Gall bladder contracts
Bile travels out of cystic duct and joins with R and L hepatic to form common hepatic duct
Pancreatic duct containing bicarbonate and digestive enzymes joins

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15
Q

What is the artery of the gall bladder

A

Cystic artery

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16
Q

What is the triangle of clot

A

Triangle between common hepatic, cystic and visceral surface of liver

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17
Q

How is pancreas peritonised

A

Retroperitoneal

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18
Q

Where do pancreatic and bile duct open into

A

2nd part of duodenum at sphincter of oddi

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19
Q

What is behind the neck of the pancreas

A

Portal vein

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20
Q

Where is spleen found

A

Ribs 9-11 on L side

Intraperintoneal except hilum

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21
Q

What supplies spleen

A

Celiac trunk originating at T12 of aorta

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22
Q

What does celiac trunk divide into

A

Left gastric - lesser curvature of stomach
Hepatic - liver and gall bladder
Splenic - superior margin of pancreas

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23
Q

What makes up the midgut

A
Duodenum 
Jejunum 
Ileum 
Cecum 
Appendix 
Ascending colon
Right half of transverse colon
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24
Q

What is the shortest and widest part of small intestine

A

Duodenum

25
Q

What is the blood supply of the small intestine

A

Superior mesenteric - L1

26
Q

What distinguishes large intestine from small

A

Mental appendicies
Haustra
Teniae coli - thickened bands of smooth muscle

27
Q

What makes up the large intestine

A
Caecum
Ascending colon
Transverse
Descending
Sigmoid -> rectum at S3
28
Q

What is the appendix

A

Intestinal diverticulum

Lymphatic tissue

29
Q

What is most common appendix position

A

Retrocecal

30
Q

What supplies appendix

A

Inferior mesenteric - L3

31
Q

What are the 4 layers of the alimentary canal

A

Inner mucosa
Submucosa
Smooth muscle (muscular externa)
Serosa - connective tissue covering or adventitia if around organ / blood vessel

32
Q

What makes up the inner mucosa

A

Single layer epithelium
Lamina propria
Muscularis mucosae

33
Q

What type of epithelium

A

Stratified squamous non keratinised - mouth / oesophagus / anal canal

Simple columnar - stomach and intestines

34
Q

What is in the sub mucosa

A

Submucosal plexus - parasympathetic

Submucosal glands in duodenum and oesophagus - secrete mucous and bicarbonate to neutralise acid

35
Q

What are the two layers of smooth muscle

A

Inside circular layer - constricts

Outside longitudinal layer - shortens tube

36
Q

What is also present in smooth muscle layer

A

Myenteric plexus - motor activity of muscle

Myenteric + submucosal = enteric nervous system

37
Q

What are the two layers of peritoneum

A

Parietal
Visceral - covers organs
Peritoneal fluid between

38
Q

Why can you get infection more easily in female

A

Communication pathway through uterine tubes and vagina

In males it is closed so infection only from damage

39
Q

What is the peritoneal cavity divided into

A
Greater sac
Lesser sac (omenta bursa)
40
Q

What links greater and lesser sac

A

Epiploic foramen

41
Q

What increases SA of small intestine

A

Small intestine has villi which have microvilli

42
Q

What increases SA of small intestine

A

Small intestine has villi which have microvilli

43
Q

What is a mesentery

A

Double layer of peritoneum
Occurs due to invagination by an organ
Allows neuromuscular communication between organ and posterior body wall

44
Q

What is the peritoneal ligament

A

Double layer of peritoneum that connects an organ with another organ or abdominal wall

45
Q

What is falciform ligament

A

Connects liver to wall

46
Q

What is omentum

A

Double layer of peritoneum passing from stomach and duodenum to other organs or body wall

47
Q

What is lymphatic drainage of foregut, midgut, hindgut

A

Celiac
Superior mesenteric
Infection mesenteric

48
Q

What are the three terminal groups of lumbar nodes

A

Pre-aortic - celiac, superior and inferior mesenteric
Lateral aortic
Retro-aortic

49
Q

What nerves supply the GI tract

A

Para - vagus and pelvic splanchnic

Sympa - abdoinopelvic splanchnic nerves
T5-T9 = greater
T10-T11 = lesser
T12 = least

Somatic

50
Q

What is the Venus drainage

A

Hepatic portal vein formed by splenic and superior mesenteric vein at L2
Carries deoxygenated nutrient rich blood to liver

R+L hepatic artery carry oxygenated blood

51
Q

What is porto-caval anastomoses

A

Connection between portal venous and systemic

Useful if there is a block in the portal vein so blood can reach IVC without travelling through liver

52
Q

What happens if shunt

A

Haemorrhoids
Esophageal varices
Caput medusa

53
Q

What is the arterial supply of the GI tract

A

Celiac trunk - stomach, small intestine and pancreas

Superior mesenteric - small intestine, caecum, ascending and transverse colon

Inferior mesenteric - descending colon, sigmoid, rectum and appendix

54
Q

What is the venous drainage of the GI tract

A

Stomach - gastric vein
Superior mesenteric vein
Inferior mesenteric vein
All drain into hepatic portal then into IVC

55
Q

What controls the GI tract

A

Autonomic

Enteric nervous system

56
Q

What is primary stimulus for secretion and motility

A

Parasympathetic via vagus

57
Q

What stimulates salvation

A

Facial - sublingual, submandibular, lacrimal
Glossopharyngeal - parotid
Vagus doesn’t innervate head or neck

58
Q

What does sympathetic do

A

Splanchnic nerve
Inhibitory
Increases salivation but para is primary stimulus