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GI Development- Severson Flashcards

1
Q

What structures are derived from the foregut?

A

Pharynx to duodenum

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2
Q

What structures are derived fro the midgut?

A

Duodenum to proximal 2/3 or transverse colon

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3
Q

What structures are derived from the hindgut?

A

Distal 1/3 of transverse colon to anal canal (above pectinate line)

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4
Q

What artery and nerve supply the foregut?

A

Celiac Artery

Vagus Nerve

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5
Q

What artery and nerve supply the midgut?

A

Superior mesenteric Artery

Vagus Nerve

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6
Q

What artery and nerve supply the hindgut?

A

Inferior mesenteric Artery

Pelvic splanchnics

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7
Q

The LINING of the digestive system and its related glands are developed from?

A

Endoderm

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8
Q

What are the two structures of the GI tract that are NOT developed from endoderm? (rather ectoderm)

A

Stomodeum (primordial mouth)

Proctodeum (anal pit)

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9
Q

Skeletal muscle of the pharynx and upper esophagus are derived from?

Additionally, what branchial arch(es)?

A

Mesoderm

4th and 6th brachial arches

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10
Q

Smooth muscle and connective tissue in the GI tract is derived from?

A

Splanchnic mesoderm

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11
Q

The nervous component of the GI tract comes from what? (important)

A

NEURAL CREST CELLS!!!!

  • Vagus innervates to the left colic flexure
  • Pelvic Splanchnic innervates remaining
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12
Q

What is the most common Tracheoesophageal anomaly?

A

Esophageal atresia with distal Tracheoesophageal fistula

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13
Q

What occurs due to incomplete recanalization of the esophagus during development (epithelial cells are persistent)?

A

Esophageal stenosis (narrowing of the esophagus)

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14
Q

What occurs due to a defective tracheoesophageal septum?

A

Esophageal atresia (failure to develop) and/or tracheoesophageal fistula

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15
Q

Both esophageal stenosis and atresia can lead to accumulation of what?

A

amniotic fluid!!!

= POLYHYDRAMNIOS

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16
Q

Drooling, choking and vomiting with FIRST feeding, and failure to pass NG tube into stomach would indicate….

A

Tracheoesophgeal anomaly

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17
Q

A congenital (sliding) hiatal hernia is a result of what?

A

Failure of the esophagus to length, results in the stomach being drawn up into the thorax

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18
Q

Ventral mesentery is derived from?

A

Transverse Septum

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19
Q

What encloses the liver and forms its visceral peritoneum?

A

Ventral mesentery

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20
Q

The falciform ligament is formed by what?

A

Ventral mesentery between the liver and the ventral body wall

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21
Q

What structure passes in the free border of the falciform ligament

A

Umbilical vein!

NOTE* umbilical vein becomes the ligamentum teres in the adult

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22
Q

The stomach undergoes what kind of rotation during development?

A

90 degree clockwise rotation

This brings the greater curvature to the left and the lesser curvature to the right

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23
Q

The left vagus nerve supplies what surface of the stomach?

A

ventral surface

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24
Q

The right vagus nerve supplies what surface of the stomach?

A

dorsal surface

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25
What two ligaments are formed in the ventral mesentery connecting the stomach and the first part of the duodenum with the liver?
Hepatogastric ligament | Hepatoduodenal ligament
26
What is contained with in the hepatoduodenal ligamnet?
Portal triad!!! Hepatic artery Portal Vein Common bile duct
27
Where would you find the gastrocolic ligament?
Extending between the greater curvature of stomach and transverse colon (contains gastroepiploic vessels)
28
The greater omentum is formed by what?
the dorsal mesentary
29
What serve as a site of hematopoietic cell development during fetal life?
The spleen and liver!
30
What causes pyloric stenosis?
hypertrophy of the circular layer of stomach smooth muscle at the pyloric outlet * palpable olive * non-bilious projectile vomiting * 2-6 weeks old * Common in first born males
31
What causes intestinal atresia/ stenosis?
- failure of recanalization of intestine - lumen occluded by epithelial cells - vomit contains BILE!
32
How do you distinguish pyloric stenosis vs. intestinal stenosis?
Pyloric stenosis has NON BILIOUS vomit Intestinal stenosis has BILIOUS vomit
33
What makes up the lesser omentum? What is the lesser omentum formed from?
Hepatogastric ligaments Hepatoduodenal ligaments Ventral mesentary
34
Hepatic diverticulum (liver bud) grows into ventral mesentery and gives rise to what structures?
- Hepatic cells and bile duct draining the liver - Gall bladder - Cystic duct - Ventral pancreas
35
What gives rise to the interlobular connective tissue of the liver and the liver capsule?
Transverse septum
36
Is pancreas derived from foregut, midgut, or hindgut?
Foregut
37
The ventral pancreatic bud contributes to what parts of the developed pancreas?
unicate process main pancreatic duct *head
38
The dorsal pancreatic bud contributes to what parts of the developed pancreas?
``` Body Tail Isthmus Accessory pancreatic duct *head ```
39
Do both the dorsal and ventral pancreatic buds contribute to the head of the pancreas?
yes
40
What week does physiological umbilical herniation occur?
6th week
41
When does the physiological umbilical herniation reduce?
10 weeks the intestine returning to the body cavity forces the distal colon to the left
42
Which part of the midgut grows rapidly and forms the small intestine?
the cephalic limb of midgut loop (more proximal part) *caudal midgut limb doesn't change much- becomes proximal 2/3 of colon
43
What serves as the pivot point for the COUNTER clockwise rotation of the caudal midgut limb to bring the colon across the small intestine?
Superior mesenteric artery
44
What is a meckel diverticulum?
Remains of the omphaloenteric duct (yolk stalk) *attaches at the apex of the midgut loop between the cephalic and caudal limps of the loop
45
What are the "rules of 2" concerning meckel diverticulum?
- 2 feet from ileocecal valve - 2 inches long - 2% of population - First 2 years of life - 2 types of epithelia (gastric and pancreatic)
46
What is it called the the physiological hernia fails to reduce the 10th week of life?
Congential omphalocele *sealed by peritoneum!
47
What is it called when there is extrusion of abdominal contents through the abdominal folds?
Gastroschisis *NOT covered by peritoneum
48
What causes non-rotation=Malrotation of the midgut?
results when the caudal limb returns to the abdomen first (normally it returns last) , and the small intestine lies on the right side of the abdomen and the large intestine on the left
49
What divides the cloaca into a urogenital sinus and the anal canal?
The urorectal septum (mesenchyme)
50
Fusion point of the urorectal septum with the cloacal membrane form the.....
perineal body
51
What part of the anal canal is derived from the hind gut?
Above the pectinate line
52
What is the pectinate line?
Site of the anal membrane! Where the ENDODERM of the hindgut becomes continuous with the ECTODERM of the anal pit
53
What is the arterial supply above the pectinate line? venous drainage?
Superior rectal artery -which is a branch of the Inferior mesenteric Superior rectal vein - to inferior mesenteric vein - to PORTAL SYSTEM
54
What is the arterial supply below the pectinate line? venous drainage?
Inferior rectal branch of the internal pudendal Inferior rectal vein - to internal iliac vein - to common iliac vein- to IVC
55
What is the anocutaneous line?
Where the anal epithelium changes from simple columnar to stratified squamous
56
What is hirschsprung's disease?
Absence of parasympathetic ganglia in the wall of the colon (usually distal) due to failure of neural crest cells to migrate into the splanchnic mesoderm
57
What results from the persistence of the cloacal membrane?
Imperforate anus
58
Function of dorsal mesentary?
Suspend esophagus (distal), stomach, and proximal duodenum from dorsal wall! Celiac trunk is found within here
59
What does the spleen originate from?
Mesoderm/dorsal mesentary
60
Most common site for intestinal stenosis?
Duodenum
61
What do the gallbladder, cystic duct, and ventral pancreas develop from?
Hepatic diverticulum (endoderm)
62
Cause of gastroschisis?
Abnormal lateral body wall folding
63
What are the transverse and sigmoid mesocolon derivatives of?
Dorsal mesentary
64
Placement of duodenum and ascending and descending colons?
Retroperitoneal
65
Where do the dorsal and ventral pancreatic buds form from?
Duodenum

GI Week 3 (13 decks)

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