GI cancers Flashcards by Eilidh Edmiston

what are the causes of oral cancer

tobacco
alcohol
HPV
candida

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high risk sites for oral cancer

Soft , non-keratinising sites:

ventral tongue
floor of mouth
lateral edges of tongue

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red flags for oral cancer

red/white/ red &amp; white lesion
ulcer 
facial numbness
pain
change in voice = dysphonia 
dysphagia

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strange manifestations of oral cancer

drooping eyelid/facial palsy 
fracture of mandible 
double vision
blocked/bleeding nose
facial swelling

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what are the 2 types of oesophageal cancer

squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)

adenocarcinoma (AC)

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cause of oesophageal cancer

smoking
male
old age
barrets oesophagus

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describe the development of oesophageal cancer

normal squamous oesophageal cells
chronic inflammation
barrett’s metaplasia
low grade dysplasia
high grade dysplasia
adenocarcinoma

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investigations of oesophageal cancer

endoscopy
biopsies (minimum 6)

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1st line investigation for new onset dysphagia >55y

endoscopy

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what investigations are used for staging cancer

CT (chest, abdomen, pelvis)

PET-CT - metastases

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treatment of SSC oesophageal cancer

radical chemo

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treatment of AC oesophageal cancer

if T1a = endoscopic resection
no metastases or co-morbities = oesophagectomy +/- chemo
metastases = palliative

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what is the main cause of gastric cancer

H.pylori

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name the 3 benign gastric tumours

hyperplastic polyps
cystic fundic gland polyps
benign peptic ulcer

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name the 3 malignant gastric tumours

carcinoma = adenocarcinoma
lymphoma = maltoma
gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST)

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what are gastric lymphomas derived from

mucosal associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

risk factor for gastric cancer

pernicious anaemia
partial gastrectomy
menetrier’s disease
H.pylori

symptoms of gastric cancer

dyspepsia 
weight loss
anaemia 
mass
recurrent vomiting

what is a polyp

protrusion above an epithelial surface

what is the most common benign poppy in the colorectal area

adenoma

describe a colorectal adenoma

non-invasive

dysplastic = precursor to adenocarcinoma

describe the microscopic appearance of a colorectal adenoma

tubular, villous, or tubullovillous

what is should be done with colorectal adenomas, why?

removal via endoscopically or by surgery as they are a precursor to adenocarcinoma

risk factors of colorectal cancer

red/processed meat
smoking
alcohol
obesity

what conditions predispose you to colorectal cancer

UC crohn's disease adenomatous polyps

what are the genetic factors which cause colorectal cancer

FAP | HNPCC

what is Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP)

>100 polyps

what is Hereditary Non-Polyposis Coli (HNPCC)

<100 polyps

GENERAL symptoms of colorectal cancer

anaemia cachexia lymphadenopathy weight loss

symptoms of colorectal cancer located on L side

blood PR altered bowel habit obstruction

investigations of colorectal cancer

sigmoidoscopy colonoscopy faecal occult blood test (FOBT) - screening programme CT colography

describe Dukes staging

``` A = confined by muscularis propria B = through the muscular propria C = metastaised ```

describe TNM staging

``` T1 = submucosal only T2 = into muscle T3 = through muscle T4 = infiltrated adjacent structures ``` ``` N0 = No lymph node involvement N1 = < 3 nodes involved N2 = >3 nodes involved ```

complications of colorectal cancer

``` obstruction leading to: 1. distension 2. constipation 3. pain 4. vomiting bleeding perforation ```