Feeding and satiety Flashcards

1
Q

what is the “normal” BMI range

A

18.5-24.9

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2
Q

what is the “underweight” BMI range

A

<18.5

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3
Q

what is the “overweightl” BMI range

A

25-29.9

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4
Q

what is the “obese” BMI range

A

30-39.9

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5
Q

what is the “morbidly obese” BMI range

A

> 40

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6
Q

how is BMI calculated

A

weight in kg / (height in m) squared

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7
Q

functions of fat (3)

A

energy storage
prevention of starvation
energy buffer during illness

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8
Q

how does the CNS influence body weight (3)

A

behaviour = feeding & physical activity
ANS activity = regulates angry expenditure
neuroendocrine system = secretion of hormones

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9
Q

where is the site of integration of feeding behaviour

A

the brain, hypothalamus

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10
Q

injuring the LATERAL hypothalamus causes what

A

leanness

remember = Lateral and Leanness

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11
Q

injuring the VENTROMEDIAL hypothalamus causes what

A

obesity

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12
Q

what is satiation

A

sensation of fullness generated by a meal

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13
Q

what is satiety

A

period of time between termination of one meal and the initiation of another

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14
Q

what is adiposity

A

the state of being obese

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15
Q

what do satiation signals do during a meal why?

A

increase, limit meal size

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16
Q

list examples of satiation signals (5)

A
Oxyntomodulin (OXM)
Obestatin 
cholecystokinin (CCK)
Peptide YY (PYY3-36)
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)
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17
Q

where is cholecystokinin (CCK) secreted from

A

enteroendocrine cells in the duodenum and jejunum

18
Q

what does cholecystokinin (CCK) do

A

signals via sensory nerves to the hindbrain and stimulates it

19
Q

when is cholecystokinin (CCK) released

A

released in proportion to lipids and portions in meal

20
Q

where is Peptide YY (PYY3-36) secreted from

A

endocrine mucosal L-cells of the GI tract

21
Q

what does Peptide YY (PYY3-36) do?

A

inhibits gastric motility, slows emptying, and reduces food intake

22
Q

when is Peptide YY (PYY3-36) released

23
Q

where is Oxyntomodulin (OXM) released from

A

oxyntic cells of the small intestine

24
Q

what does Oxyntomodulin (OXM) do

A

acts to suppress appetite (mechanism unknown)

25
when is Oxyntomodulin (OXM) | released
post meal
26
where is Obestatin released from
cells lining stomach and small intestine
27
what does Obestatin do
reduces food intake (mechanism unknown)
28
example of a hunger signal
ghrelin
29
where is ghrelin released from
oxyntic cells in stomach
30
what does ghrelin do
stimulates food intake
31
when is ghrelin released
levels increased before meals
32
which two hormones act on hypothalamic neurones (aka "adiposity" signals)
leptin | insulin
33
what do leptin and insulin report to the hypothalamus
fat status
34
where is leptin made and released from
fat cells
35
where is insulin made and released from
pancreatic cells
36
why does obesity result in leptin resistance (2 theories)
1. defective leptin transport to brain | 2. altered signal transduction following leptin binding to its receptor
37
give an example of a drug treatment for obesity
orlistat
38
what is the mechanism of action of orlistat
inhibits pancreatic lipase which decreases triglyercide absorption
39
side effects of orlistat
cramping | severe diarrhoea
40
what must be co-prescribed with orlistat
vitamin supplements
41
what is the preferred therapy for obesity
bariatric surgery (aka gastric by-pass surgery)
42
what is the method of action of orlistat
lipase inhibitor