GHD Flashcards
state of dying or approaching death/obselete
moribund
basic infrastructure
roads, ports, power…
John Maynard Keynes
economic decision of Brit gov before WWI
legacy: concept that governments have a role to play in the economic well-being of industries and people
“most men love money and security more and createion/construciton less as they get older
what would happen if tghe economic problem is solved
“if the economic problem is solved, mankind woudl be depreived of its traditional purpose”
for many in teh US, our economic problem is solved and absolute needs met so people were left with insatiable relative needs’
Global Burden of Disease
largest and most comprehensive effort to quantify health care loss across places and time
- 459 health outcomes and risk factors in 204 countries
after WW1, the US started a war on terrorism but neglected the deeper causes of poverty
minimal money spent on destabilized coutnries with extreme poverty - haven of unrest, violence, global terrorism
global health magazine
Lancet
aids/TB/malaria program
Global Fund to Fight AIDS< TB, and Malaria
“it is no good to lecture the dyying that they should have done…
it is no good to lecture the dying that they should have done better with their lot in life
- help them onto the first fung of the latter of develoment when they can procedure to climb on their own
writing by JM Keynes
“Economic Possibilities for our GrandChildren” 1930
city in Malawi
Lilongwe
super hot temperature
sweltering temperature
problem with soil
soil nutrients can be depleted so they can’t yield normal/esxpected crops
financing
process of funding business activities, making purchases, or investments
finance
process of channeling money from savers and investors to entities that need it
- savers and investors have money available which oculd earn interest or dividends if put to productive use
2 types of financing
equity and debt financinge
equity financing
no obligation to repay the money acquired through it
debt financing
requires repayment of money barrowed
problem of undernutrition
stunts growth
problem with school in impoverished areas
hit/miss b/c poverty, illness, need to help family
HIV antiretrovirals in malawi
HIV antiretriovirals in Malawi didn’t have drug resistance b/c those in Malawi didn’t have access to those rxd before
floods Bangledesh
Ganges
how was the nation of Bangladesh born?
war for independence against Pakistan in 1971
= called “international Basket Case” by Kissenger’s State Department
Kissinger’s state dept called it “international basket case”
Bangledesh war for independence agaisnt Pakistan in 1971
growing rapidly
burgeoning
factory that is crowded with poor/illegal working conditions
sewatshop
capital of Bangladesh
Dhaka
- ninth largest/7th most densely populated city in the world
impact of the garment industry in Bangledesh
gave Bangladesh an economic growth of 5% and gives women power in a society that was originally biased against. so this was the first step on their development ladder
sweatshops in bangledesh
actually was the first rung on the devleopment ladder. plus gave women a foothold in teh community
**developed countries callign to close the factories owuld put women back into rural misery
**despite reports of poor working ocnidtions, long hours, harassment, decreased rights…women still think it is an good opportunity and their lives are better for it. got them out of their village and not stuck withraising their kdis
women in finainance
women were long considered unbankable. not creditworthy to bear transactional costs
effect of putting into the workforce in developing countries
decreases teh brithrate
two big things that happened under the leadership of the man who led China after WWI
Mao Zedong
Cultural Revolution
Great Leap Forward
greatest tragedy and development ladder
the greatest tragedy is that 1/6 of humanity is not on teh bottom rungs of the development ladder. most are caught5 in the poverty tripn
extreme poverty
no basic means for survival
moderate poverty
barely meets basic needs
relative poverty
household income below average natural income
household income below average national income
relative poverty
wealth is a modern concept…
wealth is a new concept
- poverty or at lead subsistence living has been the norm for human existence, on all continents, and in all cultures until very recently
world population in 2AD
230 million
world population in 1000 AD
270 million
world population in 1800 AD
900 million
many people assume the rich have gotten richer b/c the poor got poorer - NOT TRUE!
key fact of modern times is not the transfer of income from one region to the other buby force but overall increase in world income at different rates
what is the main force behind long-term icnrase in income in rich world
TECHNOLOGY not exploitation of power
impact of the steam engine/fossil fuels
unlocked mass production of goods and ervices at a scale beyond wildest drams
year feudalism/serfdom disappeared in Britian
`500s
why doesn’t the civilian GHE sector respect the military
b/c we don’t want to learn
economic organizations that do country=level loans
IMF and World bank
how to interpret fever
a symptom not a specific disease
“when yu hear hoofbeats, think horse not zebra if no zebras in yoru area”
SAPs
Structural Adjustment Program
- economic reforms imposed by the IMF and the World Bank on countries who borrow money
- require borrowers to do things like implement free market policies like priivialization, trade liberation
- stated purpose of SAPs: adjust the country’s economic structure, improve international competitiveness, and restore its balance of payemnts
PRSP
poverty reduction strategy papers
- part of the Structured Adjustment Programs
created IMF/World bank
Bretton Woods
what are economists largely untrained in
economists are untrained in physical geography and human ecology
geopolitics
a country’s security and economic relationships
Differential Dx for Poverty Reduction
extent of extreme poverty,
economic policy,
fiscal framework,
physical geography
human ecology
patterns of governance
cultural barriers to economic development
geopolitics
Defects blamed on Africa poverty
- 3 centuries of slave trade leading to leaderless, low educaiton, poor infrastructure
- Europeans drew border sthat folowed arbitary lines of division leading to divided ethnic grups, economics, watersheds…
- US backed apartheid of Congro in 1960
- US had a h and in teh overthrow of Ghana in 1966
- almost every african political crisis had is their long hx is becaus eof European meddling
Development web items
agricultural impacts
invest in basic
edu
transporation
communciation
sanitation
safe water
what will the end of poverty requrei
a global network of cooperation among people who must work together even though they do not necessarily trust each other
poor and the devleopment ladder
the poor face strucutral problems to get to the first rung of the development ladder
most focus on ending poverty…
most focus on key investments to get foot on the first rung of the development ladder
nitrogen-fixing trees
covnert atmospheric nitrogen, most food crops can’t use directily into a nitrogen component that food can use as nutrition
problem with introducing new technology
new technology costs money
short stature for age r/t nutrition
stunting
outcome of chronic undernutrition
stunted growth
at the most basic level, how do we end extreme poverty
by enabling the poor to get on the first few rungs of the development ladder
- problem is, many lack the minimal capital to get started
6 types of capital the bottom rungs (extreme povety) of the development ladder lack
HUMAN capital: health, nutr, skills to be economically productive
BUSINESS: machine/family, motor transport
INFRASTRUCTURE: road, power, sanitation, water, telecommunication
NATURAL:
PUBLIC infrastructure: commercial law, uudicial, gov serfices, policing to ensure peaceful/prospertity
items that fall under household income
consumption, taxes, savings,
gove turns taxes into spending and governemnt investment
what happens to your household income if extreme povertty
all money goes to consumption just to stay alive. no taxes or savigns
- negative groth rate
heart of poverty trap breaking
targeted investment backed by donor aid
what happens when households are able to save moeny
households being able to save money puts teh economy on a path of sustained economic growth but w/o donated fundings, teh necessary investments can’t be financed
5 reasons governmetn should finance schools/clinics versus provate sector
- if private, creates monopoly and they would overcharge for use. so government = cheaper
- nonrival/publically provided goods doesn’t decrease avaialbility
- spillover effect in social sector. I want gov vaccinated so you don…. like when spillover exists private makets to undersupply goods and sevgices
- ensure all have access to key basic goods liek water/food is the job of the government, international law, universial dec of human rights
gov wants to give citizen what they need
private versus gov provision of social services/basic needs
gov should provide social sergices/basic needs but private entrepreneurs have shown they do a better job at running compared to gov
- gov run business do for political not economical reach and banks make loans for political not on a basis of expected return
Rocketfeller Foundation
fears massive hunger b/c increase in global population so they did HYC (high yield variety) crops in 1944
- started in Mexico. this took Mexico from being a grain exporter to being a grain importer
smallpox vaccine
Jenner in 1796
year smallpox was eradicated`
1980
malaria in 1940s
over 1/2 of the world lived in malario endemic areas
aka river blindness
onchocerciasis
micorfinancing lending
financing services targeting targeting individuals/small businesses who lack access to conventional banking and related services
- in 2020, 500M people directly or indirectly benefited from these types of loans
cold chain
set of rules/procedures that ensure the systematic coordiantion fo activiteis for ensuring temperature-control of goods while in sotrage and transiti
objective of cold chain
preserve the integrity and quality of perishable goods from production to consumption
CCP
critical control point
- point where the failure of SOP could cause harm to customers, business. point where controls canbe applied
hazard analyusis and critical control points
systematic prevention approach to food safety from bio, chemical, physical hazards in production processes that causes finished products to become unsafe
aid agency focus on development projects
aid agencies focus on development projects as symbolic rather than national scale just enough to make good headlines
what did Sachs say a country’s poverty reduction strategies should be based on
what is require to meet the Millemium Development goals. not what a recipient country’s is arbitrarily told they needed
5 parts to a MDG based on povety reduction strategies
differential dx: identifies policy/investments in coutnry needs to reach MDG
investmanet plan
financial plan
donor plan
public managemnet plan
things the poor/rich must do to overcome poverty
poort- take poverty ending strategies seriously. devote a great share or resources to cut pvoerty not war/corruption/political isntability
rich: move beyond plattitudes to helping the poor and follow through on repated promises to help
problems that arise when donors help build clinics in developing coutnries
help countries build clinics but reject plans to cover salaries of staff. so emplty shell is built.
SO
donors must cover infrastructure and salary
5 aspects of aid flow (to developing country poverty projects)
magnitude - must be large enough to enable the recipeint coutnry to finance via investment
timing- aid must be long term to enable th recipent country to follow through. recommend a 10 year plan
predictability: air must be preditable enough to sidestep aid flow. doesn’t jeopardy the investment program or macroconomic stability
harmonizaton: air must reprt MG based poveryt decreasign streageties must be in the investnet plan rather than be the pet project of the aid agencies
what is just as important OR more so that the pure amount of money aid given to a developing country for poverty reduction
predictiabilit of aid. b/c unexpected fluctuations shock
4 topics poor countries must be addressed on teh global level
debt crisis
global trade policy
science for development
environmental stewardship
HIPC
heavilyt indebted poor countris
- better to give grants bc/ the country can’t pas them off as debt
how did the Marshall Plan work
rebuilt Europe with Grants
- to ensure that powtwar debt would nt encombuer Europe fragiltiy
“trade not aid”
forgets trade barriers in rich countries hamper export potential of poor so they can’t enter market
need “TRADE PLUS AID”
why do poor countries have a difficult time advancing their industries
poorest of the poor do not have nough of a market incentive for private-led research and evelopment
examples of aid agencies
Bill and Melinda gates
Rocketfeller
what did the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation fund
TB and Malaria
what did the Rocketfeller Foundation finace
1928 Yellow fever vaccine
FAO
food an agricultre organization
What did the Global Fund to fight ____
aids, TB, malaria
extreme poverty trap
extreme poverty is a trap that can be released via targeted investment that are tested/proved and the investment strategy is implemented as part of a global campaign. rich/poor focus on MDG
actual goal for ending poverty
gol is to end EXTREME poverty. NOT end all poverty
poor will still have to get rich on their own effort
0 need assistance toextr
- tactic: how to make a poor coutnry into textbook model of goodgovernence or efficient market economy
what happens to economic development over time
economic development tends to build on itself but it must get started
extent of investent rich countries need to make into poor countries
rich countries do not have to invest enough in the poorest coutnries to make them rich. just need to ivnest enough so they get a foot on the bottom rungs of the devloepment ladder
problem of retrograde cultures
impedes modern progress
8 reasosn why coutnries fail to achieve economic growth
poverty trap
geography
fiscal traop
government failure
culture barrier
geopolitis
lack of innovation
poverty trap
no margin of income above survival to invest int eh future
wrote Guns, Germs, and Steel
Jared Diamond
- looks at the rise/fall of civilizations based on envirnmental factors
-
what happens when governmetns lack financial means to provide public goods/infrastructure
poverty trap so can’t tax the populace
gov debt increases so they can’t make new investments
debt overhang
what is a big reason why investors won’t want to invest in a coutnry
won’t invest if they know they can’t recoupt the cost/p or profit
“The End of Poverty”
NY Bestseller w/forward by Bono
Jeffrey Sachs in 2005
encouraged people who work in GHD to think about their work in different ways and brought people outside into GHD
Sachs was an economist not GHD so not typically a global health field
goal of Jeffry Sachs in “The End of Poverty”
to end poverty book has manifesto actiosn with detaile dplans and evidence.
- even prior to the book, Jeffry was considered a topi economist
Development Web topics
health
economy
security
education
transportation
environment
governance
- what sector you prioritize is the one
Three major recommendations Jeffrey Sachs makes in “The End of POverty”
- choose several sectors of the development web and must address all aspects of development simultaneously - specifically. give them a JUMPSTART
- that will lkt communications onto the “bottom rung” of the economic ladder”
- from there, they can further themselves
- Sachs arguest that this has never been done before. so may were working on one construct. or several that were too far apart
plan of Jeffrey Sachs
get a lot of money, focus all on the major constructs at once but focus on one village at a time to concentrate resources
- prove “milleinum Vilalge Program” concept. idea was to hav ethe Millenium villages inspire other across the world to replicate the porgress to end povert
who was Jeffrey Sachs
world leadign economist, expert on sustainable development. fighted against poverty
Director fo Center for Sustainable Development at COlumbia.
SDG advocate to the UN Secrety General
“THe End of Poverty” book
two worldwide reports on happiness
World Happiness REport - from Gallup World Poll
Human Develoment REport:
World Happiness Report
ranks how happy countries perceive themselves to be
- coorlates happiness with various quality of life factors from Gallup World Poll
Human Development Report
focuses on dimensions such as healthy life, knowledge, standards of livng
what is development
art, science, and practice of healping countries and regions transition from subsistence living to the modern state wit concurent advancement in sectors from edu/governace/energy/transprotation/health/human rights
ending dependency on food aid
you can end dependency on food aid by ensurign farmers have the means to icnrease productiongo
goal of Jeffrey Sachs Millenium Villages
help escape poverty trap
poverty is weird…quote
“it is weird that we still have poverty despite having all the tools to do something about it”
how can poverty be ended
via targeted investmetns
benefit of giving kids in developing countries a meal
if kids can get a meal at school, parents can’t afford not to send them to school
what was Jeffrey’s Sach’s plan to end extreme poverty
targeted investments
Big 5 GHD investment projects
agriculture, health, edu, electricity, tranportation, safe drinking water
labor burden r/t inadequate drinking water
women get up, spend most of the day heading out to get the water. not enough
6 types of capital extreme poverty lacks
human (health, nutr, skills to be productive)
business
infrastructure (ports, air, water…)
natural (natural resources, biodiversity, fell functioning ecosystem)
public (la, judicial, gov, policing)
knowledge (R&D, ways to increase productivity)
who do the markets not attend to
the markets do not attend to the peopel who have nothing
barrier to fertilizer or bednets
household income/extreme povert
what should malaria nets have
insecticide
Monterrey Consensus
UN International Conference on Financing for Development
Washington Consensus
10 economic policy perscrpitions designed to be teh standard reform package promoted for crisis wracked developing countries.
- refers to more market oriented policies which have focused on less governmetn intervention
what to do if someone tells you that your plan is not realistic
find out if not realistic b/c poorly designed or b/c too expensive
“realism, it seems, is in the eyes of the beholder”
- for donors, realism means inconvenience
5 parts to a true Millium Development Goal poverty reduction streategy
differential diagnosis
investment plan
financial plan
donor plan
public management plan
be realistic about what the poor can…
…afford to pay. using little/nothing. cannot be squeezed by taxes or user feeds
HIPC
highly inebeted poor coutnries
big problem post WWII
reparations
UN Country Team
all UN specialized agencis in a country plust IMF/World Bank
problem of extreme poverty
poverty trap that can be alleviated by targeted investments
what should the World Bank focus on
World Bank shoudl focus on poverty rrap and not constant focus on governance
global burden of disease
total amount of suffering M&N syffered by the world populatoin. infectoius and noninfectious
mortality rate of breast and prostate cancer
National Cancer Insitute in 2010 foudn that breast and prostate cancer both had mortality of 23 per 100K but more money went to breast cancer. why?
- b/c medium age of breast cancers death was 68 but PC was 80.
composite global burden of disease indicator
DALY = disability adjusted lfie year
DALY
disability adjusted life year
- a composite indicator that accounts for both morbidity and morality
1 DALY = 1 year of healthy life lost
total DALY = YLL + YLD
YLD = years of life lived before disabiltiy
YLL
yrs of life lost due to premature death
- single standard worldwide for global burden of disease study to show how long humans shoudl be expected to live in comparisoin of Japanese women
- in Swasizland, death at 32yr when there that is teh avg age of death. that is not considered premature. she woudl be considered to have lived a full life and there would be no measurable burden of disease.
YLL is a single indicator worldwide that defines premature death
for the purpose of DALY,
you dont’ need to compare average age of death to the national average and decide death is premature due to that.
- compare to Jap women (e.g die at age the same as natioanl average as no natioanl avg sithe same. death still premature b/c compared to Jap women)
why do they think female life expectancy is longer
b/c men are more lilkey to die of prevantable causes
YLD
yrs life w/disability
- to show the conditon had an effect on life even if met minimum life expectancy fo Jap famiy
DALY
defien disability then decide how much wight eachdistability shoudl have
variety of all wildlife in an area
biodiversity
net zero emissions
greenouse gases due to human activity and removal is net zero
problem of invasive species
choak out natives
when are river basins at risk
whe upstream countries build dames/a;ter water stream w/o consulting downstream neightbors
- example: grand ethiopian renaissance dam
problem of loss of reflective sea
surface which is dark absorbs heat faster so icnreases temp
goal of Paris Climate Agreement
limit global warming to 1.5C
climate change effect on humans
CC erodes human security
- food/water/energy/health
los of natural capital
migration
more acideic ocean
ice caps melt
sea level
extreme event attribution
meteroogoy/climate science
- aims to measure how ongoing climate change directly affects recent weather events
- tries to figure out what caused a given extreme weather or climate and weight eh relative influence of global warming versys natural variability
- can tell us if global warming made an event more likely/severe not but if GW officailly causd it
PV system
photovoltaric system
electric power system designed to supplyusuable solar power by means of photovolatarics
BECCS
bioenergy with carbon capture and storage
SAI
strtospheric aerosol injection
- type of solar radiation mvoement to spray particles into the stratosphere. beign funded by those who fear climate change
afforestation
establish trees/forest where they are not
impact of transitioning away from fossil fuels
significantly reshapes geopolitics and encomy
- diminishes ablity to use energy as a tool of coercision/state b/c energy stems more decen
oil organization
OPEC
economic conundrum faced by countries
gov could reign in public spendign and risk public discontentment OR
maintain public spending but increase debt burden/borrowing costs and risk local coutnry depr
- may have to prioritize domestically not globally
key of automation
could it be cost advantageous
year the World Trade Organization was created
1995
Facebook digital curency
Libra
fiat currency
not backed by a commodity like gold or silver
cloud computing
he on-demand availability of computer system resources, especially data storage (cloud storage) and computing power, without direct active management by the user.[2] Large clouds often have functions distributed over multiple locations, each of which is a data center. Cloud computing relies on sharing of resources to achieve coherence and typically uses a pay-as-you-go model, which can help in reducing capital expenses but may also lead to unexpected operating expenses for users.[3][4]
5 characteristics of cloud computing
on-demand self service
broad network access
resource pooling
rapid elasticity
measured service
Alibaba
Chinese tech company online platforms for e-commerce, cloud computng, AI
additional tool of national power
technology
existential
eixstence. individual. self-determination, perosnal choisece
Edleman Trust barometer
credibility survey
power is created by content creators
power is created by content creatorsy and those who decide who gets to see it
organization of the world bank
IBRD: International Bank for Reconstruction and development
- middle income countries and credit worthy low income countries w/ favorable interest rates. the bank can secure for the countries which are better than the rates they could get on their own
- THUS: middle income countries w/favorable interest
IDA: International Development Association
- lends out interest free money or grants to the poorest countries
5 Organizations of the World Bank Group
IBRD: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
-*middle income/credit worthy low income. gives favorable interest rates better than they can get on their own
IDA: International Development Assistance
- interest free money/grants to the poorest coutnries
IFC: International FInance Corporation
MIGA: Multilateral Investment Guaranteed Agency
ICSID: International Center for Settlement of Investment Groups
SAP
structured Adjustment programs
- one of hte biggest controversaries
- when a country asks for a loan, the lender thinks about he borrowers ability to pay back the loan
- the developed countries think they know what a developing country needs to do to pay back
- SAP = “prescription” of the things a developing country’s needs to do in order to quality for a loan and is tailored to each country’s specific needs
- in reality, it is an assortment of some thinks like shrinking government spending/privatized state enterprise/eliminate/decrease tarrifs and trade barriers, remove price controls, cut gov wages/pensions, let national currency devalue
SUPPOSED to be tailored to the country but it is always the sme list. people called out that it is rehashed via the “Washington Consensus”
3 controversaries with teh Structured Adjustment Program
the policies hurt the ppor inteh long rrun
some coutnries are in debt already b/c previous loans quandered by previous corrup lerulers.
SAP
structured adjustment program
= World Bank policy for developing counties based on the concept of conditional loans
- you get the loan if you agree to policcy reforms to boos economic development
- have a tendency to favor free-market capatalism
how does a normal bank work?
lets someone deposit money and earn interest. loans out the money to lenders at a higher rate. all are happy
- saver gets interest
borrower gets capital
bak gets interest
what is GHE a course abotu
GHE is a course about developmet
what is the World Bank
of the UN
- premier lendign instutitoin and mechanism to fund development
- does take deposits
- gives out loans
- usually charges interest
- often makes a profit
- is accoutner to lenders
BUT
mission is to end world poverty by
=- borrowers get money cheeply on world financial markets
lends money to developing coutnries
key concept of World Bank
WB is able to borrow the money at much cless cost than a developing country b/c the Bank is backed by the credit worthiness of its shareholders
- developING doesn’t have the ability to borrow money b/c too high credit risk but the bank can borrow mobey b/c not a credit risk
difference between development projects and disaster response
we usually build capacity and sustanability to last after we leave but disaster response is an exception b/c we don’t prioritize sustaibability post crisis
9 Principles of development
Nastios
question about World Bank and mission creep?
Is it mission creep for the world Bank to invovle itself directly in global helath? but how do you do economic development and end poverty while ignoring global heath?
Sphere Handbook
humanitarian charter and minimum standars in humanitarian response
- builds on legal/ethical foundatino w/uguiance, practice, and compiled evidence
Sphere Project aim
to improve the quality of humanitarian reponse and to be accountable fo rtheir actions
2 core beliefs of The Sphere Project
people affected by disaster/conflict have the right to life w/dignity an the right to assitance
all possibel steps should be tken to alleviate human suffering arising out of disaster
important things the Sphere Project says about humanitarian aid
aid given regardless of race/creed/nationality/adverse distinction of any kind
aid priorities are on the basis of need alone
aid will not be used to further a particualr political/riligioun
don’t endeavor to be an instrumebnt of vov ernment foreign
attempt to build disaster resons eon local capacity
in information/publicity/addverstising actions and material, we shall recognize disaster victims as human beings versus helpless objects
in kind
goods, services, and transactions not involving money or meaSURED IN MONETARY TERMS
key indicators
ways to measure whether a standard is being achieved
- not to be confused with teh standard itself
progress indicators: units to measure the and monitor the achievement of a standard
target indications are specific quantifiable targets taht represent the quantifiable minimum below which the standard isn’t being met
what is the Sphere Handbook
voluntary ownership of standards. expression of fundamental right to dignity
MEAL
monitoring
evaluation
accountability
learning
important to remember about power and resources
not all people have equal control of power and resources
- different capacities/needs/vulnerabilities and that changes over time
how to determine the best ways assistance can be deliverd
consult populace,
analyze markets
know the way services are provided understnd the supply chain and logistical capcities
review reporting analytics
assess current situatino/trends over time
- who is affected
needs/vulnerabiliteis
displaced/mobile coping strategies and capacities
who/what is affected
peopel priorities
protection/threats/risks
security situation and rule of law
seasonal varieties in hazarrds
stakeholders/power relationships
capacity
intent of repsones
lans of authority
availability of goods/services
market/supply chain
capacity of infrastructure
logistical capacities/constraints
how to analyze a situation
what problems must/need to be addressed
- for what groups of people
-inho what geographical area
- over what time frame
-against what standards
reviewing options for humanitarian/disaster relief
direct service delivery
commodity distribution
technical assitance
market-based programmign
cash-based assistance
response options for HA/DR
urgency/timeliness
Feasibility
capacity
dignity
protectin/threat/risks
efficiency/cost effectivnes
resilience
national ovwersnip
gov policies
what do projects need
accountability
feedback and compliance mechanisms
coordination
community engagement
select what indicators to monitor
specific risks to kids in disasters
disabled kids have gerater risk
abandon/dneglect/family separation
trafficking
recruit to armed gruop
sexual violence
malnutrition…
things to remember when doing a transition/exit strategy post HA/DR
local/national agreements, ownership, partnership
disaggregated datea
information that has been broken down into component parts or smaller untis of data
