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Germany- end of war Flashcards

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1
Q

when was the Weimar republic

A

1918-1933

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2
Q

what type of government was the Weimar republic

A

Democratic

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3
Q

who had the right to vote in the Reichstag

A

males, 25+

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3
Q

who did the Kaiser give more political power to towards the end of WW1

A

leading generals like Erich Ludendorff and Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg (the army)

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3
Q

what ruled germany after 1916 for rest of the war

A

new military comittee

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3
Q

what was formed after the war (government republic)

A

Weimar republic

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3
Q

What happened to government after the war

A

end of Kaisers rule and start of democratic government

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4
Q

who did right wing germans blame after WW1

A

Kaiser, jews and racial minorities

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5
Q

what did the left wing germans want after WW1

A

wanted communist revolution

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5
Q

what did the allies do that lead to the limitations of supplies in germany

A

naval blockade

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6
Q

how many germans were killed in WW1`

A

2 million and 8 million injured

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7
Q

what was Ludendorff’s plan to avoid being blamed for defeat

A

advised Kaiser to hand power over to civilian government so tried to establish democracy with a monarch

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8
Q

why did Ludendorff do what he did towards the end of the war

A

i) to secure Germany the best possible peace terms
ii) to prevent political outbreak

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9
Q

who devised 14 points as means of dealing fairly with the aftermath of war

A

Woodrow Wilson

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10
Q

what reforms did the Kaiser introduce to turn Germany into a democracy before end of WW1

A

i) appointed Max of Baden as new Chancellor
ii) Chancellor to be responsible to Reichstag and new government
iii) Wilhelm have up powers over army/navy with army put under control of Reichstag

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11
Q

when were the german government reforms introduced

A

October 1918, 1 month before end of war

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12
Q

what are the ‘October Reforms’ referred to as

A

‘Revolution from above’

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13
Q

who was Prince Max of Baden

A

former army officer and member of royal house of Grand Duchy of Baden. appointed Chancellor in October Reforms

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14
Q

when did Prince Max write to President Wilson asking for an armistice

A

3 October 1918

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15
Q

what three things did Wilson ask Germany to do to begin working for an armistice

A

i) evacuate all occupied territory
ii) end sub warfare
iii) fully democratize political system

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16
Q

why were the german demands for the start of armistice negotiations too much

A

asked for german surrender, Kaisers abdication

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17
Q

what was the peace note

A

admission germany had lost the war

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18
Q

what happened on 3/11/1918 at Kiel

A

sailors mutinied against officers and took control of the base

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19
Q

what did sailors fear would happen as a result of the mutinies

A

suicide attacks against Britain to have honour

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20
Q

what had happened with the revolts by 4/11/1918

A

spread to major cities

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21
Q

what did most members of council want at end of WW1

A

Kaiser abdication and democratic republic

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22
Q

which groups of people were catalysts for the collapse of the regime after ww1

A

military officers and government officials

23
Q

what happened in Bavaria on 8/11/1918

A

republic proclaimed

24
Q

what happened on 9/11/1918

A

SPD workers called for massive strike demanding Kaisers abdication, Max released press statement saying this had happened, then resigned and gave power to the leader of the SPD, Ebert, leading to provisional coalition government, General Groenoer told Kaiser army wouldnt fight for him, Kaiser abdicates at 5pm

25
Q

who was Friedrich Ebert

A

became leader of SPD in 1913, first Chancellor of new German republic in Nov. 1918 and first President in 1919

26
Q

who was General Groener

A

distinguished military administrator who succeeded Ludendorff after he fled

27
Q

what did the abdicated Wilhelm do after his abdication

A

fled to holland next day and was held up at Eysen for 6 hours but eventually let in

28
Q

when did Ludendorff flee to Sweeden

A

26 October

29
Q

when did Ebert enter the Reichstag

A

1912

30
Q

when did the SPD split and what was formed as a result

A

1917- USPD

31
Q

what did Ebert support when Germany collapsed

A

parliamentary democracy with constitutional monarchy

32
Q

who held the first democratic elections and created the Weimar constitution

A

Friedrich Ebert

33
Q

who did Ebert use to suppress the more radical left

A

army and Freikorps

34
Q

when did Ebert become president (a) and also die (b)

A

Feb 1919 (a), 1925 (b)

35
Q

how did Ebert come to power

A

Max of Baden gave him power, however come to power through revolutionary act

36
Q

why did Ebert need to establish new constitution asap

A

his government lacked legitemacy

37
Q

what was a Constituent Assembly

A

elected body with task of drawing up new constitution after revolution

38
Q

when he came to power, where did Ebert have power

A

Berlin

39
Q

what became regular circumstances after he armistice

A

street demonstrations and strikes

40
Q

how many members did the KPD have

A

5000

41
Q

who did the KPD believe Germany should follow

A

Russia and Lenin

42
Q

how many people were in the USPD

A

300k members

43
Q

how many members did the SPD have by 1912

A

1 million

44
Q

by late 1918, what did the SPD government rely on

A

army

45
Q

what was Eberts main worry when he came to power

A

extreme left would get upper hand and might threaten policy of gradual change

46
Q

who did Ebert make agreements with when he came to power

A

army+industrialists

47
Q

what were Eberts main problems when he came to power

A

socio-economic
left wing opposition
right wing opposition
military

48
Q

what socio-economic problems were there for Ebert when he came to power

A

-inflation
-shortages (from winter of 1917-17 fuel)
-flu epidemic (spanish flu)

49
Q

why was left wing opposition a problem for Ebert when he came to power

A

-strikes from autumn 1918
-German communists
-workers and soldiers councils

50
Q

why was right wing opposition a problem for Ebert when he came to power

A

-Freikorps (right wing nationalist soldiers)
-army embittered by defeat after WW1
- nationalists didn’t support new government

51
Q

why was the military a problem for Ebert when he came to power

A

-Demobilisation
-allied blockade caused shortages, not relieved until June 1919
-peace terms were horrible

52
Q

When was an agreement reached between new gov, Berlin workers, soldiers councils

A

22 nov 1918

53
Q

What did officers believe could happen in late 1918

A

Bolshevik revolution, civil war, even occupation from west

53
Q

What was the Ebert-Groener pact and when

A

That the army would be loyal to Ebert if he used the army to suppress communist opposition. Agreed on 10 november

53
Q

What was the Stinnes-Legien agreement

A

Deal where trade unions made commitment to not interfere with private ownership in return for an 8 hour working day

53
Q

why did Eberts government endorse the Stinnes- Legien agreement

A

trade unions were powerful movement and traditionally closely tied with SPD

53
Q

what did critics on the left say Eberts pact was

A

betrayal of revolution

54
Q

what is a counter argument to Eberts pact and conflict it brought

A

both parties motivated to keep peaceful transition and guarantee stability

55
Q

when did Ebert and the cabinet make preparations for elections to Constituent Assembly

A

Jan 1919

56
Q

when was the Spartacist (KPD) demonstration and what happened

A

6 Dec 1918, fired on soldiers, killing 16

56
Q

what caused 3 USPD officials to resign from Eberts government and when

A

23-24th Dec, sailors revolt against Berlin, put down by army

56
Q

what was the ‘January Revolution and when did it start

A

6 Jan 1919, Spartacists launched armed revolution, week of heavy fighting but eventually crushed

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