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Science mr caldwell > geology > Flashcards

geology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

tried to figure out the age of the earth based on biblical research
used genealogy

determined the start of the earth was October 23, 4004 BC

A

bishop usher

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2
Q

mathematician
assumed that the earth was molten and has cooled since formation
determined the earth was about 100million years old
his data was considered very accurate

A

lord kelvin

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3
Q

used rock layers
old rocks on bottom of cliff, younger rocks on top
used fossil shapes
old fossils- very simple
young fossils- very complex
earth was much older than 100 million years old

A

William strata smith

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4
Q

life has evolved from simple organisms to complex

A

multi-cellular life

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5
Q

what percent is usually killed off during a mass extinction

A

over 50%

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6
Q

4.6 billion to around 600 million years ago

A

Precambrian

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7
Q

old life

600 million to 250 million years ago

A

Paleozoic

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8
Q

middle life

250 to 65 million years ago

A

Mesozoic

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9
Q

recent life

65 million years ago to the present

A

Cenozoic

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10
Q

life originates in ocean
Chemically rich areas
black smokers
single-cell organisms

A

Precambrian

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11
Q 
age of invertebrates 
life flourishes 
Cambrian explosion 
life becomes more complex 
life evolves on land 
massive extinction and end of the Permian period
A

Paleozoic

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12
Q

age of reptiles
complex life in ocean and on land
mammals evolve
dinosaurs extinction at end of Cretaceous period

A

Mesozoic

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13
Q 
age of mammals 
large land mammals 
hominids evolve 
now
anthropocene 
age of man
A

Cenozoic

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14
Q

form of molten rock

A

igneous

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15
Q

form from heat and pressure

A

metamorphic

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16
Q

forms from sediments

A

sedimentary

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17
Q

form deep underground

molten rock called magma

A

plutonic

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18
Q

form on surface

molten rock called lava

A

volcanic

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19
Q 
form underground 
intrusive 
form slowly 
contains large, visible crystals 
large plutonic bodies 
batholiths
A

plutonic igneous rocks

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20
Q 
form above ground 
lava flows 
cool quickly 
contain very small crystals 
associated with volcanoes
A

volcanic igneous rock

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21
Q

visible, individual colors-cooled

slowly intrusive

A

large crystals

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22
Q

no visible individual crystals
cooled quickly
extrusive

A

small crystals

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23
Q

contains dark minerals

A

mafic

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24
Q

contains light minerals

A

felsic

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25
Q

the break down of rock due to exposure to the atmosphere

A

weathering

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26
Q

name the two types of weathering

A

mechanical/ physical

chemical

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27
Q

have a high rate of weathering

A

warm/ moist climates

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28
Q

have a slow rate of weathering

A

cold/ dry climates

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29
Q

radio metric ages

A

modern science

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30
Q

rock is broken into smaller pieces

composition doesn’t change

A

mechanical/ physical

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31
Q

eater gets in cracks and freezes

A

frost wedging

32
Q

water gets in the pores spaces and expands

A

frost heaving

33
Q

sheets fall off exposed rocks

A

exfoliation

34
Q

tree and plant root crack rocks

A

root wedging

35
Q

the alteration of minerals through a chemical process

surface area is a factor

A

chemical weathering

36
Q

reaction with water

A

hydrolysis/ hydration

37
Q

reaction with air

A

oxidation

38
Q

reacts with acid

A

dissolution

39
Q

dominated by physical weathering

lack of moisture impedes development of acids

A

arid climates

40
Q

deserts
tundras
Arctic regions

A

typical areas for arid climates

41
Q

dominated by chemical weathering

abundance of moisture and plant material to produce acids

A

humid climates

42
Q

rain forests

Equatorial regions

A

typical areas for humid climates

43
Q

paleoenvironment

A

old environment

44
Q

areas that are deposited
help us unlock the paleoenvironment
separated by energy

A

depositional environments

45
Q 
far from shore 
fast flowing water 
large grains
poorly sorted 
conglomerates 
high energy
A

alluvial fan

46
Q 
medium energy 
sand sized particles 
moderately to well sorted
all the grains are about the same size 
sandstone
A

rivers and beaches

47
Q

a reworking of beach deposits
medium energy
sandstone

A

deserts

48
Q

low energy
clay sized particles
well sorted
Shale

A

ocean bottoms

49
Q

low energy
fine clay MUDs
Shale

A

lakes

50
Q

low energy

coal

A

swamp

51
Q 
very quiet
little sediment
most animals are filter feeders and need clean water
coral reefs
limestone
A

no energy

52
Q

list the rocks that are resistant in humid environments

A

granite quartzite

53
Q

rivers move sediment downstream

A

water

54
Q

moves sediment

A

wind

55
Q

moves sediment down slopes

A

glaciers

56
Q

average year,y temp

A

warmer means more weathering

57
Q

average yearly precipitation

A

moister means more weathering

58
Q

most resistant rocks in an arid environment

A 
sandstone 
granite 
quartzite 
limestone 
marble
59
Q

least resistant rocks in an arid environment

A

shale

60
Q

most resistant rocks in a humid environment

A

sandstone
quartzite
granite

61
Q

least resistant rocks in a humid environment

A

limestone
marble
shale

62
Q

how have pre-existing rocks changed

A

through heat and pressure

63
Q

changes seen in rocks over time

A

larger crystals

mineral content changes

64
Q

the original rock that is changed into the metamorphic rock

A

protolith

65
Q

magma or lava in contact with over lying rocks

A

heat

66
Q

compression of rocks

A

pressure

67
Q

magma heats water- new minerals form

A

hot fluids

68
Q

for, from intense heat and pressure

associated with mountain building

A

foliated metamorphic rocks

69
Q

form from heat

little or no pressure

A

contact metamorphic rocks

70
Q

high grade/ rank

has alternating light and dark bands of minerals

A

gneiss

71
Q

mid grade/ rank

visible shiny crystals

A

schist

72
Q

low grade/ rank
no visible crystals
slightly layered

A

slate

73
Q 
non-foliated
form from contact with a magma body
show no evidence of pressure
typically one solid color
after contain visible crystals
A

contact metamorphic rocks

74
Q

metamorphosed limestone

softer than glass

A

marble

75
Q

metamorphosed sandstone

scratches glass

A

quartzite

Science mr caldwell (9 decks)

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