geology

Question 1

tried to figure out the age of the earth based on biblical research
used genealogy

determined the start of the earth was October 23, 4004 BC

Answer 1

bishop usher

Question 2

mathematician
assumed that the earth was molten and has cooled since formation
determined the earth was about 100million years old
his data was considered very accurate

Answer 2

lord kelvin

Question 3

used rock layers
old rocks on bottom of cliff, younger rocks on top
used fossil shapes
old fossils- very simple
young fossils- very complex
earth was much older than 100 million years old

Answer 3

William strata smith

Question 4

life has evolved from simple organisms to complex

Answer 4

multi-cellular life

Question 5

what percent is usually killed off during a mass extinction

Answer 5

over 50%

Question 6

4.6 billion to around 600 million years ago

Answer 6

Precambrian

Question 7

old life

600 million to 250 million years ago

Answer 7

Paleozoic

Question 8

middle life

250 to 65 million years ago

Answer 8

Mesozoic

Question 9

recent life

65 million years ago to the present

Answer 9

Cenozoic

Question 10

life originates in ocean
Chemically rich areas
black smokers
single-cell organisms

Answer 10

Precambrian

Question 11

age of invertebrates 
life flourishes 
Cambrian explosion 
life becomes more complex 
life evolves on land 
massive extinction and end of the Permian period

Answer 11

Paleozoic

Question 12

age of reptiles
complex life in ocean and on land
mammals evolve
dinosaurs extinction at end of Cretaceous period

Answer 12

Mesozoic

Question 13

age of mammals 
large land mammals 
hominids evolve 
now
anthropocene 
age of man

Answer 13

Cenozoic

Question 14

form of molten rock

Answer 14

igneous

Question 15

form from heat and pressure

Answer 15

metamorphic

Question 16

forms from sediments

Answer 16

sedimentary

Question 17

form deep underground

molten rock called magma

Answer 17

plutonic

Question 18

form on surface

molten rock called lava

Answer 18

volcanic

Question 19

form underground 
intrusive 
form slowly 
contains large, visible crystals 
large plutonic bodies 
batholiths

Answer 19

plutonic igneous rocks

Question 20

form above ground 
lava flows 
cool quickly 
contain very small crystals 
associated with volcanoes

Answer 20

volcanic igneous rock

Question 21

visible, individual colors-cooled

slowly intrusive

Answer 21

large crystals

Question 22

no visible individual crystals
cooled quickly
extrusive

Answer 22

small crystals

Question 23

contains dark minerals

Answer 23

mafic

Question 24

contains light minerals

Answer 24

felsic

Question 25

the break down of rock due to exposure to the atmosphere

Answer 25

weathering

Question 26

name the two types of weathering

Answer 26

mechanical/ physical | chemical

Question 27

have a high rate of weathering

Answer 27

warm/ moist climates

Question 28

have a slow rate of weathering

Answer 28

cold/ dry climates

Question 29

radio metric ages

Answer 29

modern science

Question 30

rock is broken into smaller pieces | composition doesn't change

Answer 30

mechanical/ physical

Question 31

eater gets in cracks and freezes

Answer 31

frost wedging

Question 32

water gets in the pores spaces and expands

Answer 32

frost heaving

Question 33

sheets fall off exposed rocks

Answer 33

exfoliation

Question 34

tree and plant root crack rocks

Answer 34

root wedging

Question 35

the alteration of minerals through a chemical process | surface area is a factor

Answer 35

chemical weathering

Question 36

reaction with water

Answer 36

hydrolysis/ hydration

Question 37

reaction with air

Answer 37

oxidation

Question 38

reacts with acid

Answer 38

dissolution

Question 39

dominated by physical weathering | lack of moisture impedes development of acids

Answer 39

arid climates

Question 40

deserts tundras Arctic regions

Answer 40

typical areas for arid climates

Question 41

dominated by chemical weathering | abundance of moisture and plant material to produce acids

Answer 41

humid climates

Question 42

rain forests | Equatorial regions

Answer 42

typical areas for humid climates

Question 43

paleoenvironment

Answer 43

old environment

Question 44

areas that are deposited help us unlock the paleoenvironment separated by energy

Answer 44

depositional environments

Question 45

``` far from shore fast flowing water large grains poorly sorted conglomerates high energy ```

Answer 45

alluvial fan

Question 46

``` medium energy sand sized particles moderately to well sorted all the grains are about the same size sandstone ```

Answer 46

rivers and beaches

Question 47

a reworking of beach deposits medium energy sandstone

Answer 47

deserts

Question 48

low energy clay sized particles well sorted Shale

Answer 48

ocean bottoms

Question 49

low energy fine clay MUDs Shale

Answer 49

lakes

Question 50

low energy | coal

Answer 50

swamp

Question 51

``` very quiet little sediment most animals are filter feeders and need clean water coral reefs limestone ```

Answer 51

no energy

Question 52

list the rocks that are resistant in humid environments

Answer 52

granite quartzite

Question 53

rivers move sediment downstream

Answer 53

water

Question 54

moves sediment

Answer 54

wind

Question 55

moves sediment down slopes

Answer 55

glaciers

Question 56

average year,y temp

Answer 56

warmer means more weathering

Question 57

average yearly precipitation

Answer 57

moister means more weathering

Question 58

most resistant rocks in an arid environment

Answer 58

``` sandstone granite quartzite limestone marble ```

Question 59

least resistant rocks in an arid environment

Answer 59

shale

Question 60

most resistant rocks in a humid environment

Answer 60

sandstone quartzite granite

Question 61

least resistant rocks in a humid environment

Answer 61

limestone marble shale

Question 62

how have pre-existing rocks changed

Answer 62

through heat and pressure

Question 63

changes seen in rocks over time

Answer 63

larger crystals | mineral content changes

Question 64

the original rock that is changed into the metamorphic rock

Answer 64

protolith

Question 65

magma or lava in contact with over lying rocks

Answer 65

heat

Question 66

compression of rocks

Answer 66

pressure

Question 67

magma heats water- new minerals form

Answer 67

hot fluids

Question 68

for, from intense heat and pressure | associated with mountain building

Answer 68

foliated metamorphic rocks

Question 69

form from heat | little or no pressure

Answer 69

contact metamorphic rocks

Question 70

high grade/ rank | has alternating light and dark bands of minerals

Answer 70

gneiss

Question 71

mid grade/ rank | visible shiny crystals

Answer 71

schist

Question 72

low grade/ rank no visible crystals slightly layered

Answer 72

slate

Question 73

``` non-foliated form from contact with a magma body show no evidence of pressure typically one solid color after contain visible crystals ```

Answer 73

contact metamorphic rocks

Question 74

metamorphosed limestone | softer than glass

Answer 74

marble

Question 75

metamorphosed sandstone | scratches glass

Answer 75

quartzite