geography paper 1- everything Flashcards
Define groyne and give 1 advantage and disadvantage.
A groyne is a wooden barrier that prevents longshore driftso the beach can build up
1.) Beach is still accessible
2.) No deposition means that the beach erodes faster.
Define sea walls and give 1 advantage and disadvantage.
Concrete walls that break up the energy of the wave,has a lip to stop waves from going over.
1.) very effective at protecting the coastline
2.) costs a lot of money and time to build them.
Define beach nourishment and give an advantage and disadvantage.
Beaches built with sand so waves have to travel further before eroding the cliffs.
1.) cheap
2.) storms means that the sand has to be replaced.
Define managed retreat and give an advantage and disadvantage.
Low value areas of the coast are left to flood and erode.
1.) creates habitat for animals
2.) no compensation for the lost land
lyme regis case study
2 facts about the coastal protection scheme.
1.)In 2005 they added a piece of rock armour to reflect the power of the waves
2.)In 2013 the sea wall was extended to protect 480 homes.
2 soft engineering river management schemes and definitions of them
afforestation- plant trees to soak up rainwater and reduces flood risk
managed flooding- lets areas get flooded naturally to protect settlements further down stream.
2 hard engineering river schemes and define them.
Artificial levees- heighetens thr river so flood water is contained.
Deepening/widening the river - increases capacity for a flood.
What are the 4 steps to the formation of an oxbow lake?
1.) Erosion of outer bank forms river cliff
2.) Further erosion through hydraulic action and abrasion of the outer banks means the neck gets smaller
3.) Erosion breaks through the neck so river takes the fastest route redirecting flow.
4.)Evapouration and deposition cuts off main channel leaving oxbow lake
What is the 5 step process of the formation of a waterfall?
1.) River flows over hard rock and soft rock
2.) River erodes soft rock faster creating a step
3.) Further hydraulic action and abrasion form a plunge pool underneath.
4.) Hard rock above is undercut leaving cap, hard rock collapses providing more material for erosion.
Case study River Tees
What are 2 flood management techniques that were implimented in banbury?
Embankment-2.9km long protecting the M40
Biodiversity plan creating new habitats including tree and hedgerows to absorb water.
What are the 4 types of river transportation and define them?
1.)Solution- Minerals dissolve in water and are carried along
2.) suspension Sediment is carried along in the flow of the water
3.) Saltation Pebbles that bounce along the sea/ river bed
4.) Traction boulders that roll along a river/sea bed by the force of the flowing water.
How do coastal spits form?
1.) Longshore drift moves sediment along the beach in the direction of the prevailing wind
2.) Deposition causes beach to extend until reaching a river estuary
3.) Change in prevailing wind direction forms a hook
4.) Sheltered area behind spit encourages deposition, salt marshes form.
what is the 3 step process of the formation of headlands+bays?
1.) Waves attack the coastline
2.) Softer rock is eroded through abrasion and hydraulic action more quickly
3.) The more resistanat rock is left jutting outwards into the sea and is now more vulnerable to erosion.
What is the 6 step process to the formation of a coastal stack?
1.) Hydraulic action widens cracks in the cliff face over time
2.) Abrasion forms a wave cut notch between HT and LT
3.) Further abrasion widens the wave cut notch to form a cave
4.) Caves from both sides of the headland break through to form an arch.
5.) Weather above/ erosion causes the arch to collapse leaving a stack
6.) the stack is weathered and eroded leaving a stump
What are the 3 types of plate margin and define them?
1.) Destructive, oceanic-continental collide, the oceanic subducts
2.) Constructive plate margin- 2 continental plates are moving away from each other volcanoes are formed here
3.) Conservative plate margin A conservative plate boundary occurs where plates slide past each other .
