Biology paper1-Infection and response

Question 1

Define commuinicable

Answer 1

diseases that can be spread to others

Question 2

Define pathogen

Answer 2

Microorganisms that cause infections and disease.

Question 3

What is meant by a vector in biology?

Answer 3

A vector is any organism that carries a pathogen and can spread it to other organisms causing disease. e.g mosquitoes.

Question 4

Define antibodies

Answer 4

Antibodies are proteins produced by some white blood cells, which target specific pathogens depending on the antigen they carry.

Question 5

What is meant by droplet inhalation?

Answer 5

This is where diseases are spread through sneezing and coughing.

Question 6

What is meant by an Antitoxin?

Answer 6

An Antitoxin is a chemical which cancels out toxins produced by the pathogens.

Question 7

What is meant by phagocytosis?

Answer 7

This is the process by which some white blood cells engulf pathogens and destroy them through digestion.

Question 8

Define lymphocyte

Answer 8

A type of white blood cell tht produces antitoxins and antibodies.

Question 9

What is meant by a vaccine and what do they do?

Answer 9

A small amount of a dead or innactive pathogen is introduced which stimulates white blood cells to produce antibodies.

Question 10

What do antibiotics do?

Answer 10

Antibiotics help cure bacterial disease by killing infectious bacteria inside of an organism

Question 11

How does the skin prevent pathogens entering the body?

Answer 11

The skin acts as a physical barrier preventing pathogens entering the body.

Question 12

How do scabs prevent pathogens entering the body?

Answer 12

Scabs help maintain the physical barrier and stop pathogens entering the body via the skin.

Question 13

How does stomach acid stop pathogens?

Answer 13

Stomach acid kills pathogens injested through food/drink consumed.

Question 14

How does mucus prevent pathogens?

Answer 14

It lines airways to trap pathogens.

Question 15

How does cilia prevent pathogens?

Answer 15

Tiny hairs that line the trachea and bronchi and move mucus to trap pathogens

Question 16

How do tears prevent pathogens entering the body?

Answer 16

They contain chemicals which kill pathogens

Question 17

What are the 2 human diseases caused by viruses and what are the symptoms what are they spread by and how to prevent them?

Answer 17

1. measeles the symptoms of this disease are a fever and redskin/rash- it is spread by droplet inhalation- and is prevented by vaccination.

2.HIV the symptoms of this disease are initial flu like symptoms- it is spread through sex and the progression of the disease can be slowed through antiretrovial drugs.

Question 18

What is the plant disease caused by a virus and what are the symptoms what is it spread by and to prevent it?

Answer 18

tobacco mosaic virus- its symptoms are a dark mosaic pattern on plant leaves and stunted growth-spread by direct contact- it can be prevented by removing infected leaves and burning them or by sterilising gardening equipment.

Question 19

What are the 2 human diseases caused by bacteria called and what are the symptoms what sre they spread by and what how to prevent the disease?

Answer 19

1.Salmonella- its symptoms are a fever abdominal cramps and vomitting and diahrea-it is spread by the preperstion of food in unhygeinic conditions- and can be prevented by- cooking food properly/taking fluids to prevent dehydration/ vaccines.

2.gonorrhea-symptoms are thick yellow/green discharge from penis/vagina when urinating- spread through sexual contact-treated by antibiotics and prevented by condoms/physical barriers.

Question 20

What is the plant disease called caused by fungi what are the symptoms what is it spread by how to prevent it?

Answer 20

Rose black spot-symptoms are black spots on leaves/stunted growth-spread by water or carried in wind-prevented by fungicides and removing/destroying infected leaves.

Question 21

What is the human disease called caused by protist-what are the symptoms-what is it spread by-how to prevent it.

Answer 21

malaria-symptoms are a recurrent fever-spread by mosquito bites-prevented by use of mosquito nets and drugs that kill/prevent the parasite.

Question 22

What is meant by a hybridoma?

Answer 22

This is where lymphocytes are combined with a specific type of tumour cell the hybridoma can both produce a specific antibody and divide rapidly.

Question 23

What is meant by a placebo

Answer 23

this is a ‘fake treatment’ that does not contain the drug and is used as a control when testing new drugs.

Question 24

What are plants physical defences?

Answer 24

Cellulose- cell walls and tough waxy cuticle on leaves and layers of dead cells around the stem (tree bark)

Question 25

What are plants chemical defences?

Answer 25

Antibacterial chemicals and poisons to deter herbivores.

Question 26

What are plants mechanical adaptations?

Answer 26

Thorns and hair deter animals and leaves which droop or curl when touched and mimicry to trick animals.