Geography of Food and Health ch1

Question 1

Global Food Security Index

Answer 1

Based on indicators that measure food security in high, middle, and low income countries and looks beyond hunger. Components of food security are affordability, availability, and quality of food.

Question 2

disease burden

Answer 2

the impact of a health problem on a given population, measured using a variety of indicators such as mortality, morbidity or financial costs

Question 3

Global Hunger Index

Answer 3

measurement 0-100 on countries based on their hunger, and measured with undernourishment, child wasting, child stunting, and child mortality

Question 4

chronic hunger

Answer 4

consequence of diets inadequate in quality/quantity

Question 5

periodic hunger

Answer 5

hunger that may reoccur at intervals of time

Question 6

undernourishment

Answer 6

the proportion of the population with insufficient caloric intake

Question 7

child wasting

Answer 7

low weight (for children under the age of 5 ) for their height, reflecting acute short-term under nutrition

Question 8

child stunning

Answer 8

children under 5 who suffer from stunting, which is low height for their age, reflecting chronic undernutrition

Question 9

child mortality

Answer 9

death rates in children under 5 (which partially reflects the fatal synergy of inadequate nutrition and unhealthy environments)

Question 10

calorie intake

Answer 10

the amount of food (calories) a person consumes

Question 11

health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE)

Answer 11

average number of years an individual is expected to life in a healthy state

Question 12

child mortality rate

Answer 12

probability per 1,000 births that a child will die before reaching 5 years (%)

Question 13

infant mortality rate

Answer 13

number of deaths in infants under 1 per 1,000 live births (%)

Question 14

maternal mortality rate

Answer 14

annual number of female deaths per 100,000 live births from any cause with pregnancy and management

Question 15

epidemic

Answer 15

a contagious (or communicable) disease spread though a community but normally contained

Question 16

degenerative disease

Answer 16

disease that gradually worsen someone (cancer, stroke) that aren’t contagious

Question 17

infectious disease

Answer 17

diseases spread through parasites

Question 18

what are the components of Food security

Answer 18

affordability, availability, and quality of food

Question 19

indicators of malnutrition

Answer 19

poor nourishment and refers to a diet lacking or having too many of certain nutrients (types of mal incl deficiency, kwashiorkor, marasmus, obesity, starvation, temporary, and famine

Question 20

what is the nutrition transition

Answer 20

Worldwide nutrition transition where people are shifting towards more affluent (wealthy) food consumption patterns common in HICs

Question 21

explain HALE

Answer 21

HALE is the average number of years an individual is expected to life in a healthy state with age and sex specific data and mortality rate. It’s important because it can be used to measure burden of disease and injury in the population, risk factors, and performance of public health efforts and identifies the quality and quantity of someone’s average life.

Question 22

explain access to sanitation and Health services

Answer 22

Diseases of poverty include epidemics where diseases are spread easily because of lack of access to health care services and sanitation; can be seen in epidemiological transition as access to sanitation and health services increase

Question 23

what is the epidemiological transition

Answer 23

The epidemiological transition is the shift from contagious diseases (epidemics) to diseases that gradually worsen someone (degenerative diseases), which can be seen as LICs develop into HICs and rather than dealing with sanitation and health care issues they face epidemic diseases.

Question 24

what is the global burden of disease

Answer 24

Study that looked at 240 disease types, found that life expectancy increased from 65.3 years to 71.5 years, while the number of deaths increased from 47.5 million to 54.9 million. Found general pattern of reductions in age-sex specific mortality was associated with shift towards larger share of remaining deaths from non-communicable deaths/injuries

Question 25

what are communicable vs non communicable diseases

Answer 25

Infectious diseases are illnesses caused by germs (such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi) that enter the body, multiply, and can cause an infection. Some infectious diseases are contagious (or communicable), meaning they are capable of spreading from one person to another

Question 26

what are the changes in disease burden

Answer 26

23% is from disorders of 60+yo people, main causes are communicable diseases but as LICs grow into HICs the impact of degenerate diseases changes and decreases while non communicable diseases increase the percentages

Question 27

what are implications of an aging population on disease burden

Answer 27

Aging population is driving worldwide epidemic of chronic diseases; HICs: aging population increases and fertility falls and life expectancy increases,
MICs: mortality decreases and decreasing fertility also leads to aging population increasing

Question 28

case study: HALE in Canada

Answer 28

Canada provides estimates of HALE with and without selected chronic diseases with chronic conditions and socio-economic status: Low socio-economic status means less in HALE, Chronic diseases and conditions associated with less in HALE