Geography Flashcards
what is development?
Economic growth and improvements in living standards in a country
What is the development gap?
The difference in standards of living around the world
State the factors that can affect development
Environmental
Social
Economic
Political
Historical
State the environmental factors that can affect development
Natural disasters
Climate
Landlocked
State the social factors that affect development
Quality and access to healthcare and education
State the economic factors that affect development
Number of jobs
Trade
Average pay
What is GNI?
The total domestic and foreign output of a country divided by the number of people who live in that country
Define ‘Birth rate’
The number of live births per 1000 population per year
Define ‘Death rate’
The number of deaths per thousand population per year
Define ‘HDI’
An index consisting of years of schooling, life expectancy and GNI per capita. scored between 0-1
Define ‘Life expectancy’
The average age a person can expect to live
Define ‘literacy rate’
The percentage of adults that can read and write
Define ‘Infant mortality rate’
The number of deaths of infants under 1 yr old per 1000 live births
Define ‘access to clean water’
Having a source of safe water within 1km of the dwelling
Define ‘people per doctor’
The average number of people for each doctor
What are the advantages of HDI?
Well rounded measurement (includes multiple indicators)
Represents the impact the government have on the population
All 3 indicators are interrelated
What are the disadvantages of HDI?
Only include 3 indicators
Just a number and doesn’t consider migrating factors
Have the problems of averages over-inflating data
Define ‘Natural increase’
Higher birth rate than death rate
Define ‘Natural decrease’
Death rate is higher than birth rate
What does a high birth rate in an LIC mean?
Equality inbalance
Less contraception
Replacement babies
What does a high death rate in an LIC mean?
Poor hygiene
Poor nutrition
Poor access to healthcare
What does a high death rate in an HIC mean?
Women are more career focused
Access to contraception
Culture for small families
What does low death rate in an HIC mean?
Better access to healthcare
Ageing population
Describe stage 1 in the DTM
High birth rate and death rate (fluctuating)
Population=Low + fairly stable
Factors affecting= zero contraception
disease, war, famine
example countries = tribes in amazon rainforest
Describe stage 2 in the DTM
Birth rate =high
Death rate= fall rapidly
population= low but rapidly increasing
Factors affecting= limited contraception, large families to bring more income
Example countries= Ethiopia, Afghanistan
Describe stage 3 in the DTM
Birth rate drops rapidly
Death rate continues to decrease slowly
population=growing slowly
Factors affecting = improvements in education and healthcare
Access to contraception
Improved levels of gender equality
Example countries =Brazil, India, Nigeria
Describe stage 4 in the DTM
Birth rate is low
Death rate is low
population= Establishing and growing
Factors affecting=
-Strong economies
-Highly educated citizens
-Good healthcare systems
-Employment opportunities for women
Describe stage 5 in the DTM
Birth rate is very low
Death rate is very low
Population is declining
Factors affecting=
-Smaller families demand
-Ageing population
Example countries= Germany, Japan
State 2 limitations of the DTM
Does not take migration into consideration
Does not consider the unpredictable e.g. Pandemics, government policies
State the causes of uneven development
Landlocked
Climate
Natural disasters
Diseases
Trade
Colonialism
State 8 strategies to reduce the development gap
Investment
Industrial development
Tourism
Aid
Intermediate technology
Fairtrade
Debt relief
Microfinance loans
