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Biology (B3) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Name 4 types of pathogen

A

Virus
Bacteria
Fungi
Protist

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2
Q

Name 3 viral diseases

A

Measels
TMV
HIV

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3
Q

Name 2 bacterial diseases

A

Salmonella
Gonorrhea

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4
Q

Name 2 fungal diseases

A

Athletes foot
Rose black spot

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5
Q

Name 1 protist disease

A

Malaria

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6
Q

State 2 symptoms of measels

A

Fever
Red skin rash

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7
Q

State 2 symptoms of HIV

A

Flu like symptoms
AIDS

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8
Q

State 1 symptom of TMV

A

Discoloration of leaves

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9
Q

State 4 symptoms of salmonella

A

Fever
Cramps
Vomiting
Diarrhoea

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10
Q

State 2 symptoms of gonorrhea

A

Thick yellow/green discharge
Pain whilst urinating

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11
Q

State 2 symptoms of rose black spot

A

Purple/black spots on leaves
Leaves turn yellow and drop off

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12
Q

How is measles spread and prevented?

A

Spread: Air
Prevented:Vaccination

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13
Q

How is gonnorrhoea spread and prevented?

A

Spread: Sex
Prevent: Barrier protection e.g.condom

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14
Q

How is rose black spot spread and prevented?

A

Spread: Direct contact
Prevented: Fungicide and destroy affected leaves

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15
Q

How is salmonella spread and prevented?

A

Spread: Food
Prevented: Cooking thoroughly and washing hands

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16
Q

State 3 ways that pathogens can be spread

A

Direct contact
Air
Water

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17
Q

How do bacteria make us feel unwell?

A

Produce toxins that damage tissues

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18
Q

How do viruses make us feel unwell?

A

Live and reproduce in cells causing cell damage

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19
Q

Name 4 of the body’s non specific defence systems

A

Skin
Nose
Trachea
Stomach

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20
Q

How does the skin prevent pathogens from making us feel unwell?

A

Anti microbrial secretions
Physical barrier to prevent them from entering the body

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21
Q

How does the nose prevent pathogens from making us unwell?

A

Mucus and nose hairs trap dirt and pathogen
Cilliated cells waft them out

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22
Q

How does the trachea prevent pathogens from making us unwell?

A

Mucus to trap dirt and pathogens
Cilliated cells waft them out

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23
Q

How does the stomach prevent pathogens from making us unwell?

A

Stomach/hydrochloric acid to kill pathogens

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24
Q

State 3 ways that white blood cells can help defend us against pathogens?

A

Phagocytosis
Antibody production
Antitoxin production

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25
Q

What do Phagocytes do?

A

Phagocytosis

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26
Q

What do lymphocytes do?

A

Produce antibodies and antitoxins

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27
Q

What causes a tumour to form?

A

Changes in cells that lead to uncontrolled cell division

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28
Q

Define ‘Benign tumour’

A

Growth of abnormal cells contained in one area of a membrane

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29
Q

Define ‘Malignant tumour’

A

Growth of abnormal cells that SPREAD to other parts of the body in the blood and INVADE other tissues

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30
Q

State 3 ways that drugs cam be produced

A

Extracted from plants
microorganisms
synthesised

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31
Q

Where does the heart drug digitalis originate from?

A

Foxgloves

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32
Q

Where does the pain killer aspirin originate from?

A

Willow trees

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33
Q

Where does the antibiotic penicillin originate from?

A

Penicillium mold

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34
Q

State 3 things that drugs are tested and trialled for better use

A

Toxicity (safe)
Efficacy (does it work)
Dose (quantity)

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35
Q

What is used to test drugs during pre clinical testing?

A

Cells
Tissues
Live animals

36
Q

Who are medicines tested on in stage 1 of clinical trials?

A

Healthy volunteers (low doses -test for toxicity)

37
Q

Who are medicines tested on in stage 2 of clinical trials?

A

Patient volunteers (low doses- test for efficacy and doses)

38
Q

What is a double-blind trial?

A

Neither experimenter or patient knows if they are taking medicine or placebo

39
Q

What is a placebo?

A

A substance that contains no medicine (a control)

40
Q

What is a vaccination?

A

An injection given to patients to prevent them from catching an infectious disease

41
Q

Describe step 1 of vaccinations

A

Small quantity of dead/inactive pathogen

42
Q

Describe step 2 of vaccinations

A

White blood cells produce correct antibody (slowly)

43
Q

Describe step 3 of vaccinations

A

Pathogen enters body and white blood cells produce correct antibody (quickly)

44
Q

State 2 benefits of vaccination

A

Prevent illness in an individual and prevent spread to others

45
Q

State 7 ways of detecting plant diseases

A

Stunted growth
Spots on leaves
Areas of decay
Growths
Malformed Leaves/stems
Discolouration
Pests

46
Q

State 3 ways of identifying a plant disease

A

Gardening manual/website
Testing in lab
Testing using monoclonal antibodies

47
Q

Name 1 viral disease that affect plants

A

Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)

48
Q

Name 1 fungal disease that affects plants

A

Rose black spot

49
Q

Name one insect that affects plants

A

Aphids

50
Q

State the effect of nitrate deficiencies in plants

A

Stunted growth
(Nitrate ions required for protein synthesis)

51
Q

State the effect of magnesium deficiencies in plants

A

Chlorosis (discolouration)
(Magnesium ions needed to make chlorophyll)

52
Q

Name 3 physical defences in plants

A

Cellulose cell walls
Tough waxy cuticle
Layers of dead cells on stems e.g.bark

53
Q

Name 2 chemical defences in plants

A

Antibacterial chemicals
Poisons

54
Q

Name 3 mechanical adaptions of plants

A

Thorns/hairs
Drooping/curling leaves
Mimicry

55
Q

What is the name given to the chemical that is sprayed on plants to kill pests?

A

Pesticides

56
Q

What is the name given to the chemical that is sprayed on plants to kill weeds?

A

Herbicides

57
Q

What is the name given to chemicals that are sprayed on plants to encourage growth?

A

Fertilisers

58
Q

What does NPK stand for in fertilisers?

A

Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Potassium

59
Q

What does it mean if a plant is organic?

A

The plant has been grown without the use of artificial chemicals

60
Q

What is Binary fission?

A

When bacteria cells multiply

61
Q

How do you calculate the number of bacteria in a culture?

A

2 to the power of the number of divisions

62
Q

What equipment is required to grow a culture of bacteria?

A

Agar gel,
Petri dish
Inoculating loop
Bacteria sample
Disinfectant

63
Q

Why is the inoculating loop passed through a flame?

A

To sterilise it (kill any other bacteria)

64
Q

What is used to dispose of the agar plate?

A

Place into an autoclave

65
Q

How do we calculate the size of the zone of inhibition?

A

Area= πr2

66
Q

How can you decide by looking at the zone of inhibition which is the best antibiotic/antiseptic?

A

It has the biggest clear zone/biggest are free from bacteria

67
Q

How frequently do bacteria multiply?

A

Every 20 minutes

68
Q

What is needed for bacteria to be able to multiply?

A

Enough nutrients and suitable temperatures

69
Q

Why mus the petri dish be streilised before use?

A

To prevent contamination

70
Q

Why is the lid of the petri dish sealed with tape?

A

To prevent contamination

71
Q

Why are spaces left in the adhesive tape?

A

To allow oxygen in to the petri dish/ prevent anaerobic respiration

72
Q

What temperature is the bacteria cultured at?

A

25 degrees

73
Q

Why is the petri dish stored upside down?

A

To prevent condensation from dripping onto culture

74
Q

State the 2 cells required to produce monoclonal antibodies

A

Mouse lymphocytes
Tumour cell

75
Q

Name the cell that is produced from joining the two cells together in monoclonal antibody production

A

Hybridoma

76
Q

State 4 uses of monoclonal antibodies

A

Diagnosis e.g. pregnancy test
Testing in labs
Tagging molecules with dye
Disease treatment

77
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies used in cancer treatment?

A

MAB bound to radioactive substance that finds and binds with cancer cells

78
Q

Why are monoclonal antibodies given this name?

A

Formed from clones of a single hybridoma cell

78
Q

Where is the lymphocyte that is used in monoclonal antibodies collected from ?

A

A mouse

79
Q

Why is a lymphocyte used for making monoclonal antibodies?

A

It produces a specific antibody

80
Q

Why is a tumour cell used in the production of monoclonal antibodies?

A

It divides rapidly

80
Q

State 2 disadvantages of using monoclonal antibodies

A

Expensive
Lots of side effects

80
Q

State 2 advantages of using monoclonal antibodies

A

Treat a wide range of conditions
Bind to specific cells so as not to damage surrounding cells

81
Q

State 3 examples of side effects caused by monoclonal antibodies

A

Fever
Muscle pains
Nausea

82
Q

How do eyes prevent pathogens from entering the body?

A

Tears have lysozymes (enzymes that help to break down pathogens)

83
Q

How does the vagina/penis prevent pathogens from making us ill?

A

Slightly acidic pH to destroy pathogens

84
Q

What is an antigen?

A

Protein on the surface of pathogens

Science (12 decks)

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