Biology (B3) Flashcards
Name 4 types of pathogen
Virus
Bacteria
Fungi
Protist
Name 3 viral diseases
Measels
TMV
HIV
Name 2 bacterial diseases
Salmonella
Gonorrhea
Name 2 fungal diseases
Athletes foot
Rose black spot
Name 1 protist disease
Malaria
State 2 symptoms of measels
Fever
Red skin rash
State 2 symptoms of HIV
Flu like symptoms
AIDS
State 1 symptom of TMV
Discoloration of leaves
State 4 symptoms of salmonella
Fever
Cramps
Vomiting
Diarrhoea
State 2 symptoms of gonorrhea
Thick yellow/green discharge
Pain whilst urinating
State 2 symptoms of rose black spot
Purple/black spots on leaves
Leaves turn yellow and drop off
How is measles spread and prevented?
Spread: Air
Prevented:Vaccination
How is gonnorrhoea spread and prevented?
Spread: Sex
Prevent: Barrier protection e.g.condom
How is rose black spot spread and prevented?
Spread: Direct contact
Prevented: Fungicide and destroy affected leaves
How is salmonella spread and prevented?
Spread: Food
Prevented: Cooking thoroughly and washing hands
State 3 ways that pathogens can be spread
Direct contact
Air
Water
How do bacteria make us feel unwell?
Produce toxins that damage tissues
How do viruses make us feel unwell?
Live and reproduce in cells causing cell damage
Name 4 of the body’s non specific defence systems
Skin
Nose
Trachea
Stomach
How does the skin prevent pathogens from making us feel unwell?
Anti microbrial secretions
Physical barrier to prevent them from entering the body
How does the nose prevent pathogens from making us unwell?
Mucus and nose hairs trap dirt and pathogen
Cilliated cells waft them out
How does the trachea prevent pathogens from making us unwell?
Mucus to trap dirt and pathogens
Cilliated cells waft them out
How does the stomach prevent pathogens from making us unwell?
Stomach/hydrochloric acid to kill pathogens
State 3 ways that white blood cells can help defend us against pathogens?
Phagocytosis
Antibody production
Antitoxin production
What do Phagocytes do?
Phagocytosis
What do lymphocytes do?
Produce antibodies and antitoxins
What causes a tumour to form?
Changes in cells that lead to uncontrolled cell division
Define ‘Benign tumour’
Growth of abnormal cells contained in one area of a membrane
Define ‘Malignant tumour’
Growth of abnormal cells that SPREAD to other parts of the body in the blood and INVADE other tissues
State 3 ways that drugs cam be produced
Extracted from plants
microorganisms
synthesised
Where does the heart drug digitalis originate from?
Foxgloves
Where does the pain killer aspirin originate from?
Willow trees
Where does the antibiotic penicillin originate from?
Penicillium mold
State 3 things that drugs are tested and trialled for better use
Toxicity (safe)
Efficacy (does it work)
Dose (quantity)
What is used to test drugs during pre clinical testing?
Cells
Tissues
Live animals
Who are medicines tested on in stage 1 of clinical trials?
Healthy volunteers (low doses -test for toxicity)
Who are medicines tested on in stage 2 of clinical trials?
Patient volunteers (low doses- test for efficacy and doses)
What is a double-blind trial?
Neither experimenter or patient knows if they are taking medicine or placebo
What is a placebo?
A substance that contains no medicine (a control)
What is a vaccination?
An injection given to patients to prevent them from catching an infectious disease
Describe step 1 of vaccinations
Small quantity of dead/inactive pathogen
Describe step 2 of vaccinations
White blood cells produce correct antibody (slowly)
Describe step 3 of vaccinations
Pathogen enters body and white blood cells produce correct antibody (quickly)
State 2 benefits of vaccination
Prevent illness in an individual and prevent spread to others
State 7 ways of detecting plant diseases
Stunted growth
Spots on leaves
Areas of decay
Growths
Malformed Leaves/stems
Discolouration
Pests
State 3 ways of identifying a plant disease
Gardening manual/website
Testing in lab
Testing using monoclonal antibodies
Name 1 viral disease that affect plants
Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)
Name 1 fungal disease that affects plants
Rose black spot
Name one insect that affects plants
Aphids
State the effect of nitrate deficiencies in plants
Stunted growth
(Nitrate ions required for protein synthesis)
State the effect of magnesium deficiencies in plants
Chlorosis (discolouration)
(Magnesium ions needed to make chlorophyll)
Name 3 physical defences in plants
Cellulose cell walls
Tough waxy cuticle
Layers of dead cells on stems e.g.bark
Name 2 chemical defences in plants
Antibacterial chemicals
Poisons
Name 3 mechanical adaptions of plants
Thorns/hairs
Drooping/curling leaves
Mimicry
What is the name given to the chemical that is sprayed on plants to kill pests?
Pesticides
What is the name given to the chemical that is sprayed on plants to kill weeds?
Herbicides
What is the name given to chemicals that are sprayed on plants to encourage growth?
Fertilisers
What does NPK stand for in fertilisers?
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Potassium
What does it mean if a plant is organic?
The plant has been grown without the use of artificial chemicals
What is Binary fission?
When bacteria cells multiply
How do you calculate the number of bacteria in a culture?
2 to the power of the number of divisions
What equipment is required to grow a culture of bacteria?
Agar gel,
Petri dish
Inoculating loop
Bacteria sample
Disinfectant
Why is the inoculating loop passed through a flame?
To sterilise it (kill any other bacteria)
What is used to dispose of the agar plate?
Place into an autoclave
How do we calculate the size of the zone of inhibition?
Area= πr2
How can you decide by looking at the zone of inhibition which is the best antibiotic/antiseptic?
It has the biggest clear zone/biggest are free from bacteria
How frequently do bacteria multiply?
Every 20 minutes
What is needed for bacteria to be able to multiply?
Enough nutrients and suitable temperatures
Why mus the petri dish be streilised before use?
To prevent contamination
Why is the lid of the petri dish sealed with tape?
To prevent contamination
Why are spaces left in the adhesive tape?
To allow oxygen in to the petri dish/ prevent anaerobic respiration
What temperature is the bacteria cultured at?
25 degrees
Why is the petri dish stored upside down?
To prevent condensation from dripping onto culture
State the 2 cells required to produce monoclonal antibodies
Mouse lymphocytes
Tumour cell
Name the cell that is produced from joining the two cells together in monoclonal antibody production
Hybridoma
State 4 uses of monoclonal antibodies
Diagnosis e.g. pregnancy test
Testing in labs
Tagging molecules with dye
Disease treatment
How are monoclonal antibodies used in cancer treatment?
MAB bound to radioactive substance that finds and binds with cancer cells
Why are monoclonal antibodies given this name?
Formed from clones of a single hybridoma cell
Where is the lymphocyte that is used in monoclonal antibodies collected from ?
A mouse
Why is a lymphocyte used for making monoclonal antibodies?
It produces a specific antibody
Why is a tumour cell used in the production of monoclonal antibodies?
It divides rapidly
State 2 disadvantages of using monoclonal antibodies
Expensive
Lots of side effects
State 2 advantages of using monoclonal antibodies
Treat a wide range of conditions
Bind to specific cells so as not to damage surrounding cells
State 3 examples of side effects caused by monoclonal antibodies
Fever
Muscle pains
Nausea
How do eyes prevent pathogens from entering the body?
Tears have lysozymes (enzymes that help to break down pathogens)
How does the vagina/penis prevent pathogens from making us ill?
Slightly acidic pH to destroy pathogens
What is an antigen?
Protein on the surface of pathogens
