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Biology (B1) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the main difference between a prokaryotic and a eukaryotic cell?

A

Eukaryotic have their DNA contained within a nucleus while for prokaryotes the DNA is free in the cytoplasm

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2
Q

Give 2 examples of a eukaryotic cell

A

Animal and plant cells

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3
Q

Give an example of a prokaryotic cell

A

Bacteria cell

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4
Q

Eukaryotic cells have which sub-cellular structures?

A

Animal and plant cells- cell membrane, cytoplasm, genetic material in a nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes

Plant cells only- cellulose cell walls, chloroplast

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5
Q

Name the different parts of an animal cell

A

Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Ribosome
Mitochondria
Cell membrane

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6
Q

What is the function of cytoplasm?

A

Where chemical reactions take place

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7
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

Where most of the reactions for aerobic respiration takes place

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8
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Contains genetic material (DNA) that controls the activities of the cell

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9
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

Allows substances to enter and leave the cell

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10
Q

Name the parts of a plant cell

A

Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Ribosomes
Vacuole
Mitochondria
Cell membrane
Cell wall
Chloroplast

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11
Q

What is the function of the permanent vacuole?

A

Filled with cell sap

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12
Q

What is the function of the chloroplasts?

A

Absorbs light for photosynthesis

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13
Q

What is the function of a cell wall

A

Strengthens the cell

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14
Q

Whats is the approximate size of a prokaryotic cell?

A

0.1 - 5.0 micrometers (μm)

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15
Q

What is the approximate size of a eukaryotic cell?

A

10 - 100 micrometers (μm)

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16
Q

What is bigger? A prokaryotic or a eukaryotic cell

A

Eukaryotic

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17
Q

Define ‘cell differentiation’

A

A cell becoming specialised to perform a particular function

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18
Q

Define ‘cell division’

A

The splitting of a cell into two genetically identical daughter cells

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19
Q

Name 3 specialised cells in animals

A

Muscle cell
Nerve cell
Sperm cell

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20
Q

Name 3 specialised cells in plants

A

Root hair cell
Phloem
Xylem

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21
Q

State one adaptation of a muscle cell

A

Lots of mitochondria for releasing energy for contraction

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22
Q

State the function of a sperm cell

A

Fertilise the female egg cell

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23
Q

State 3 adaptations of a sperm cell

A

Flagellum for movement
Lots of mitochondria to release energy for movement
Enzymes in its head (acrosome) to penetrate egg

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24
Q

State the function of a nerve cell

A

Carry information as electrical impulses from one part of the body to another (transfer electrical impulses)

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25
Q

State 3 adaptations of a never cell

A

Dendrites to connect to other neurones
Long axon to cover large distance
Myelin sheath to speed up impulse

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26
Q

State the function of a root hair cell

A

Absorb water and mineral ions from the soil

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27
Q

State 2 adaptations of a root hair cell

A

Large surface area
Lots of mitochondria for energy for active transport of mineral ions

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28
Q

State the function of a xylem cell

A

Carry water from roots to leaves

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29
Q

State 3 adaptations of a xylem cell

A

Lignin to strengthen walls
No end walls (hollow tubes)
Made from thick dead tissue

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30
Q

State the function of a phloem cell

A

Transport sucrose within a plant

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31
Q

State three adaptations of a phloem cell

A

Made from living tissue
End walls have sieve cells to allow sucrose through
Lots of mitochondria for energy for active transport

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32
Q

State the magnification equation

A

Image size= Actual size x Magnification

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33
Q

Which microscope has the highest magnification?

A

Electron microscope

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34
Q

Which microscope has the lowest resolution?

A

Light microscope

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35
Q

Which microscope produces 3D images?

A

Scanning electron microscope

36
Q

Define ‘cell’

A

The basic building blocks of all living organisms

37
Q

Define’tissue’

A

A group of cells with a similar structure that work together to carry out a particular
and function

38
Q

Define ‘organ’

A

A group of different tissues that work together to perform specific functions

39
Q

Define ‘organ system’

A

A group of different organs working together to fulfill a function

40
Q

Define ‘organism’

A

Organ systems working together to form an organism

41
Q

What is meant by ‘‘centi’’?

A

1/100th (1 hundreth of a meter)

42
Q

What is meant by ‘‘milli’’?

A

1/1000th (1 thousandth of a meter)

43
Q

What is meant by ‘‘nano’’?

A

1 billionth of a meter

44
Q

How do you convert from millimetres to nanometres?

A

x 1000

45
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The overall movement of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration (down the concentration gradient)

46
Q

Give 2 examples of diffusion in humans

A

CO2 and O2 in gas exchange
Urea from cells to blood

47
Q

Give 4 factors that affect the rate of diffusion

A

Concentration gradient
Temperature
Surface area of membrane
Distance

48
Q

How are single celled organisms adapted for diffusion?

A

Large surface area : volume ratio

49
Q

How is the lungs adapted for exchanging materials?

A

Alveoli large surface are:volume ratio
Surface is moist
Good blood supply

50
Q

How is the small intestine adapted for exchanging material?

A

Villi for large surface area
Villi one cell thick
Good blood supply

51
Q

How is the gills adapted for exchanging materials?

A

Large surface area
Moist
Good blood flow to main concentration gradient

52
Q

How is the roots adapted for exchanging materials?

A

Large surface area : volume ratio
Lots of mitochondria for energy for active transport

53
Q

Give 4 ways to increase the rate of transport

A

Large surface area
Thin membrane
Efficient blood supply (in animals)
Well ventilated (in animals)

54
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The movement of water particles from a high to a low water potential across a partially permeable membrane

55
Q

What is active transport?

A

The movement of particles from a low to a high concentration against the concentration gradient

56
Q

What does active transport require?

A

Energy from respiration

57
Q

Put in order of size:
genes, chromosomes, cell, nucleus, DNA

A

DNA
gene
chromosomes
nucleus
cell

58
Q

Name 3 stages of the cell cycle

A

Interphase
Mitosis
Cytokineses

59
Q

Describe 3 things that happen during Interphase

A

The cell grows
Chromosomes are replicated
More mitochondria and ribosomes are made (organelles increase)

60
Q

Describe what happens during mitosis

A

Chromosomes line up in the middle
Chromosomes pulled to opposite ends of the cell

61
Q

Describe what happens during cytokineses

A

Cell membrane and cytoplasm split into two

62
Q

State why the cell cycle is important

A

More cells are made for growth and repair

63
Q

State what is produced in the cell cycle

A

Two genetically identical daughter cells

64
Q

Which type of cells does mitosis produce?

A

Diploid cells

65
Q

Define ‘stem cell’

A

An undifferentiated cell
A cell that can differentiate into a specialised cells

66
Q

Name 2 places where stem cells can be found in humans

A

Embryos (Embryonic stem cell)
Adult bone marrow

67
Q

Name where stem cells are found in plants

A

Meristems

68
Q

State 2 conditions the stem cells can be used to treat in humans

A

Paralysis
Type 1 diabetes

69
Q

State 2 uses of stem cells in plants

A

Clone rare species
Produce disease resistant crops

70
Q

Describe what is meant by ‘‘therapeutic’’ cloning

A

Using clones of a patients own stem cells to treat them

71
Q

Which cells are required for therapeutic cloning?

A

Egg cell and normal body cell from patient

72
Q

State 2 objections to using stem cells in treatment

A

Potential transfer viral infection
Ethical/religious obligation

73
Q

What are the risks of stem cell transplant?

A

Immune rejection
Relies on donors (shortage)
Cause cancer
Viral infection transfer
Immunosupresant drugs

74
Q

What is a clone?

A

A genetically identical organism which has been produced asexually

75
Q

Define ‘asexual’

A

Reproduction involving only one parent

76
Q

Which chemical is used to stain animal cells?

A

Methylyne blue

77
Q

Which chemical is used to stain plant cells?

A

Iodine

78
Q

Define ‘resolution’

A

How clear the image is and the ability to distinguish between two points which are close together on an object.

79
Q

What can adult bone marrow stem cells differentiate into?

A

Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets

80
Q

Embryonic stem cell can differentiate into anything so they are?

A

Totipotent

81
Q

How does high temperature affect the rate of diffusion?

A

Particles diffuse quicker because they have more kinetic energy

82
Q

How does a large surface area affect the rate of diffusion?

A

Higher rate of diffusion

83
Q

Step 1 of “adult cell cloning”

A

Remove nucleus from unfertilised egg

84
Q

Step 2 of “adult cell cloning”

A

Insert nucleus of adult body cell into empty egg

85
Q

Step 3 of “adult cell cloning”

A

Give egg cell electric shock (to make it divide into embryo)

86
Q

Step 4 of “adult cell cloning”

A

place embryo into a womb

Science (12 decks)

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