Biology (B6)

Question 1

What type of cell division is used for asexual reproduction?

Answer 1

Mitosis

Question 2

Define asexual reproduction

Answer 2

Asexual reproduction involves one parent organism having genetically identical offspring

Question 3

What can we call genetically identical offspring?

Answer 3

Clones

Question 4

Define sexual reproduction

Answer 4

Sexual reproduction usually involves two parent organisms which produce genetically different offspring

Question 5

What are the 2 animal gametes?

Answer 5

Sperm cell and egg cell

Question 6

What are the 2 plant gametes?

Answer 6

Pollen and Ovum

Question 7

Describe the structure of DNA

Answer 7

Double helix, polymer

Question 8

What is a gene?

Answer 8

A short section of DNA that codes for the production of a specific protein

Question 9

What is a chromosome?

Answer 9

A long coiled molecule of DNA

Question 10

How many chromosomes are found in a human body cell?

Answer 10

46 or 23 pairs

Question 11

How many chromosomes are found in a human gamete?

Answer 11

23

Question 12

What is the monomer that makes up DNA called?

Answer 12

A nucleotide

Question 13

What 3 parts make up a nucleotide?

Answer 13

Phosphate, Pentose sugar, base

Question 14

What are the complementary base pairs in DNA?

Answer 14

A-T and C-G

Question 15

Describe the stages of transcription

Answer 15

1. An enzyme attaches to DNA at the start of the gene
   2.DNA unzips which breaks hydrogen bonds
2. The exposed bases on the coding strand are now used to make a copy
   4.Bases pair according to the complementary base pairing rule (A-U and C-G)
   5.This new copy is called mRNA
   6.mRNA is small enough to leave the nucleus through the pore and go to the ribosome
3. The enzyme detaches and the DNA molecules zips back up

Question 16

What is a mutation?

Answer 16

A change in the DNA base sequence

Question 17

What is meant by the word genome?

Answer 17

The entire genetic material of taht organism

Question 18

Name a benefit of the human genome project?

Answer 18

-Knowledge of genes that link to diseases
-Understanding and treatment of inherited disorders
-Tracing human migration patterns from the past

Question 19

What is the purpose of meiosis?

Answer 19

To produce gametes that are genetically different from each other

Question 20

How many divisions happen in meiosis?

Answer 20

2 divisions

Question 21

How many cells are formed in meiosis?

Answer 21

4

Question 22

Are the cells produce in meiosis haploid or diploid?

Answer 22

Haploid

Question 23

What does it mean if a cell is haploid?

Answer 23

Contain half the amount of chromosomes

Question 24

Where does meiosis occur?

Answer 24

In the sex organs (testis and ovaries)

Question 25

What is an allele?

Answer 25

A different version of the same gene

Question 26

How do we represent a dominant allele?

Answer 26

Capital letter

Question 27

How many copies of a recessive allele are needed for that characteristic to be displayed?

Answer 27

2 copiees

Question 28

Describe the following genotypes: Bb BB bb

Answer 28

Heterozygous Homozygous dominant Homozygous recessive

Question 29

Define phenotype

Answer 29

The physical properties of a person

Question 30

Are the following characteristics influenced bu genetics only, environment only or both? Weight Eye colour Scar

Answer 30

Both Genetics Environment

Question 31

What is the difference between Dis-continuous and Continuous data?

Answer 31

Dis-continuous- Data which fits into groups or categories Continuous- Can take any value within a range

Question 32

What are the stages of selective breeding

Answer 32

Select parents with desired characteristics. Breed them together. Pick offspring with the desired characteristic and breed together. Repeat over many generations, until all the organism have the desired characteristic

Question 33

Give a disadvantage of selective breeding

Answer 33

* May lead to inbreeding – can cause health problems in species * Accumulation of harmful recessive characteristics * Reduction in variation/gene pool

Question 34

What is genetic engineering?

Answer 34

The deliberate modification of the characteristics of an organism by manipulating its genetic material

Question 35

What are the stages in the procedure for genetic engineering?

Answer 35

Cut the desired gene out of one organism Put it into the DNA of another organism to get the desired characteristics. Using enzymes

Question 36

Name a problem/disadvantage of genetic engineering

Answer 36

· Reduces biodiversity · Affects food chains · Pests become resistant

Question 37

What are the stages in natural selection?

Answer 37

V - all organisms show variation / mutation causes variation I- Organisms inherit the allele C – Competition for survival – those with the advantageous allele outcompete and therefore R - they reproduce A - pass on the alleles for advantageous characteristic M – over many generations the frequency of the advantageous allele increases in the population

Question 38

Define a species

Answer 38

Organisms that reproduce together to form fertile offspring

Question 39

How can a species arise?

Answer 39

Through geographical isolation

Question 40

Who developed the theory of natural selection?

Answer 40

Charles Darwin

Question 41

How do fossils form?

Answer 41

Fossils are formed when animal and plant remains are preserved in rocks and replaced by minerals

Question 42

What are some issues with using fossils as eveidence of evolution?

Answer 42

Gap in fossil records/ not all been discovered

Question 43

What is classification?

Answer 43

Classifications id the process of sorting living things into groups, that share similar features

Question 44

Why do scientists classify organisms?

Answer 44

1) Identify species 2) Predict characteristics 3) Find or show evolutionary links

Question 45

What are the 5 kingdoms?

Answer 45

Animals, Plants, Fungi, protists and prokaryotes

Question 46

What are the 7 grouping order, starting with kingdom?

Answer 46

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus and species

Question 47

What does the binomial name of an organism include?

Answer 47

Genus and Species