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Science > Biology (B6) > Flashcards

Biology (B6) Flashcards

1
Q

What type of cell division is used for asexual reproduction?

A

Mitosis

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2
Q

Define asexual reproduction

A

Asexual reproduction involves one parent organism having genetically identical offspring

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3
Q

What can we call genetically identical offspring?

A

Clones

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4
Q

Define sexual reproduction

A

Sexual reproduction usually involves two parent organisms which produce genetically different offspring

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5
Q

What are the 2 animal gametes?

A

Sperm cell and egg cell

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6
Q

What are the 2 plant gametes?

A

Pollen and Ovum

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7
Q

Describe the structure of DNA

A

Double helix, polymer

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8
Q

What is a gene?

A

A short section of DNA that codes for the production of a specific protein

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9
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

A long coiled molecule of DNA

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10
Q

How many chromosomes are found in a human body cell?

A

46 or 23 pairs

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11
Q

How many chromosomes are found in a human gamete?

A

23

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12
Q

What is the monomer that makes up DNA called?

A

A nucleotide

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13
Q

What 3 parts make up a nucleotide?

A

Phosphate, Pentose sugar, base

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14
Q

What are the complementary base pairs in DNA?

A

A-T and C-G

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15
Q

Describe the stages of transcription

A
  1. An enzyme attaches to DNA at the start of the gene
    2.DNA unzips which breaks hydrogen bonds
  2. The exposed bases on the coding strand are now used to make a copy
    4.Bases pair according to the complementary base pairing rule (A-U and C-G)
    5.This new copy is called mRNA
    6.mRNA is small enough to leave the nucleus through the pore and go to the ribosome
  3. The enzyme detaches and the DNA molecules zips back up
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16
Q

What is a mutation?

A

A change in the DNA base sequence

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17
Q

What is meant by the word genome?

A

The entire genetic material of taht organism

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18
Q

Name a benefit of the human genome project?

A

-Knowledge of genes that link to diseases
-Understanding and treatment of inherited disorders
-Tracing human migration patterns from the past

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19
Q

What is the purpose of meiosis?

A

To produce gametes that are genetically different from each other

20
Q

How many divisions happen in meiosis?

A

2 divisions

21
Q

How many cells are formed in meiosis?

A

4

22
Q

Are the cells produce in meiosis haploid or diploid?

A

Haploid

23
Q

What does it mean if a cell is haploid?

A

Contain half the amount of chromosomes

24
Q

Where does meiosis occur?

A

In the sex organs (testis and ovaries)

25
Q

What is an allele?

A

A different version of the same gene

26
Q

How do we represent a dominant allele?

A

Capital letter

27
Q

How many copies of a recessive allele are needed for that characteristic to be displayed?

A

2 copiees

28
Q

Describe the following genotypes:
Bb
BB
bb

A

Heterozygous
Homozygous dominant
Homozygous recessive

29
Q

Define phenotype

A

The physical properties of a person

30
Q

Are the following characteristics influenced bu genetics only, environment only or both?
Weight
Eye colour
Scar

A

Both
Genetics
Environment

31
Q

What is the difference between Dis-continuous and Continuous data?

A

Dis-continuous- Data which fits into groups or categories
Continuous- Can take any value within a range

32
Q

What are the stages of selective breeding

A

Select parents with desired characteristics. Breed them together. Pick offspring with the desired characteristic and breed together. Repeat over many generations, until all the organism have the desired characteristic

33
Q

Give a disadvantage of selective breeding

A
  • May lead to inbreeding – can cause health problems in species
  • Accumulation of harmful recessive characteristics
  • Reduction in variation/gene pool
34
Q

What is genetic engineering?

A

The deliberate modification of the characteristics of an organism by manipulating its genetic material

35
Q

What are the stages in the procedure for genetic engineering?

A

Cut the desired gene out of one organism
Put it into the DNA of another organism to get the desired characteristics.
Using enzymes

36
Q

Name a problem/disadvantage of genetic engineering

A

· Reduces biodiversity
· Affects food chains
· Pests become resistant

37
Q

What are the stages in natural selection?

A

V - all organisms show variation / mutation causes variation
I- Organisms inherit the allele
C – Competition for survival – those with the advantageous allele outcompete and therefore
R - they reproduce
A - pass on the alleles for advantageous characteristic
M – over many generations the frequency of the advantageous allele increases in the population

38
Q

Define a species

A

Organisms that reproduce together to form fertile offspring

39
Q

How can a species arise?

A

Through geographical isolation

40
Q

Who developed the theory of natural selection?

A

Charles Darwin

41
Q

How do fossils form?

A

Fossils are formed when animal and plant remains are preserved in rocks and replaced by minerals

42
Q

What are some issues with using fossils as eveidence of evolution?

A

Gap in fossil records/ not all been discovered

43
Q

What is classification?

A

Classifications id the process of sorting living things into groups, that share similar features

44
Q

Why do scientists classify organisms?

A

1) Identify species
2) Predict characteristics
3) Find or show evolutionary links

45
Q

What are the 5 kingdoms?

A

Animals, Plants, Fungi, protists and prokaryotes

46
Q

What are the 7 grouping order, starting with kingdom?

A

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus and species

47
Q

What does the binomial name of an organism include?

A

Genus and Species

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