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Science > Biology (B5) > Flashcards

Biology (B5) Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 6 glands/organs in the endocrine system

A

Thyroid gland, pituitary gland, pancreas, adrenal gland, testes, ovaries

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2
Q

State the hormone that is released from the adrenal gland and its effect on the body

A

Adrenaline - ‘fight or flight’ (heart rate increases, blood directed to muscles, air passages dilate)

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3
Q

State the hormone that is released from the thyroid gland and its effect on the body

A

Thyroxine - increases metabolism (chemical reactions)

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4
Q

State the hormones that are released from the pituitary gland and their effect on the body

A

FSH (egg development) & LH (ovulation)

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5
Q

State the hormone that is released from the testes and its effect on the body

A

Testosterone - puberty & sperm production (in boys)

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6
Q

State the hormones that are released from the ovaries and their effect on the body

A

Oestrogen - causes uterus lining to rebuild; Progesterone - maintains uterus lining

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7
Q

Which two systems help to control homeostasis?

A

Nervous system and endocrine system

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8
Q

Which disease is linked to an inability to control your blood glucose levels?

A

Diabetes

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9
Q

Define ‘homeostasis’

A

Regulation of internal conditions of a cell or organism to maintain optimum conditions

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10
Q

State three reasons for organisms requiring homeostasis

A

1) So cells don’t burst (too much water) 2) So enzymes work properly (temperature) 3) So chemical reactions occur (water and glucose)

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11
Q

State 4 things that are regulated in the body

A

Body temperature, blood glucose, water levels, ion levels

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12
Q

Which part of the body detects and controls body temperature?

A

Thermoregulatory centre (in the brain)

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13
Q

State three ways that your body increases your body temperature if you get too cold

A

1) Muscles contract and relax (shiver) to release thermal energy due to respiration 2) Blood vessels in skin constrict to reduce blood flow and thermal energy loss 3) Hairs on arms stand on end, trapping air beneath them

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14
Q

State three ways that your body decreases its temperature if you get too hot

A

1) Sweat glands release sweat which evaporates - transferring thermal energy to the air 2) Blood vessels in skin dilate so blood flow increases and more thermal energy lost 3) Hairs on arms lay flat

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15
Q

What happens to the enzymes in your body if you get (a) too hot (b) too cold?

A

(a) Too hot = denatured; (b) Too cold = work too slowly

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16
Q

Define ‘CNS’

A

Central Nervous System (brain and spinal cord)

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17
Q

Define ‘PNS’

A

Peripheral Nervous System (neurones)

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18
Q

Define ‘stimulus’

A

A change in the environment detected by receptors e.g. light, temperature, pressure, smell

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19
Q

Define ‘receptor’

A

Specialised cells that detect the stimulus e.g. tongue, skin, nose, eye

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20
Q

Define ‘effector’

A

Muscle/gland that responds to the motor neurone to cause a change

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21
Q

Define ‘sensory neurone’

A

Neurone carrying electrical impulse FROM receptor to CNS

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22
Q

Define ‘motor neurone’

A

Neurone carrying electrical impulse FROM the CNS to effector

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23
Q

Define ‘relay neurone’

A

Neurone carrying electrical impulse from one part of the CNS to another

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24
Q

Define ‘reflex response’

A

Rapid response which does not use conscious part before response occurs

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25
Q

Describe how messages are sent through the nervous system

A

Through neurones (electrical)

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26
Q

Describe how messages are sent through the endocrine system

A

Through blood (chemical)

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27
Q

Which system (nervous or endocrine) transfers messages around the body quicker?

A

Nervous

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28
Q

Which system (nervous or endocrine) does the response last for longer?

A

Endocrine

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29
Q

Which gland is called the ‘master gland’?

A

The pituitary gland

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30
Q

Define ‘synapse’

A

A gap or junction between two neurons

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31
Q

How does an impulse transfer across a synapse?

A

By chemical messages (Neurotransmitters)

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32
Q

What is the independent variable in reaction time experiments?

A

Attempt number

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33
Q

What is the dependent variable in reaction time experiments?

A

Reaction time (s)

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34
Q

Name 3 control variables in reaction time experiments

A

1) Same hand used 2) Same person dropping ruler 3) Hand placed in same position each time

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35
Q

How is the reaction time measured?

A

A ruler is dropped and caught and the distance on the ruler is recorded

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36
Q

Name one source of error in the reaction time method

A

Measuring the distance from a different place on the ruler each time

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37
Q

Give two ways to improve the accuracy of the results in reaction time experiments

A

1) Measure from above the thumb 2) Use a computer programme

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38
Q

How do we turn the distance on the ruler to a reaction time?

A

Use a conversion chart to turn the distance into a time

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39
Q

Name the equipment used in reaction time experiments

A

Metre rule, chair, table, partner

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40
Q

Describe where the hand should be placed in reaction time experiments

A

Place the forearm of your arm across the table with your hand overhanging the edge of the table

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41
Q

Describe where the ruler should start from in reaction time experiments

A

The bottom of the ruler at 0cm between the thumb and forefinger

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42
Q

Describe how the ruler should be dropped in reaction time experiments

A

Your partner drops the ruler without telling you

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43
Q

Describe how the ruler should be caught in reaction time experiments

A

As quickly as you can between thumb and forefinger

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44
Q

Name one risk in the reaction time investigation

A

Care should be taken to avoid injury from the falling ruler

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45
Q

What results should you see in reaction time experiments?

A

As the number of practice attempts increases, the reaction time decreases

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46
Q

What are possible variations on the reaction time method?

A

1) Effect of sugary drinks 2) Effect of caffeine 3) Effect of age

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47
Q

State the location & function of the cerebral cortex

A

Outer section - perception, memory, language

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48
Q

State the location & function of the cerebellum

A

Base of brain - balance & co-ordination of voluntary movement

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49
Q

State the location & function of the medulla

A

In brain stem - controls involuntary functions e.g. breathing

50
Q

Why is it difficult to investigate brain function?

A

Lots of different areas work together

51
Q

State three ways of investigating brain functions & regions

A

Brain damage patients, electrical stimulation of brain regions, MRI scanning

52
Q

State two changes that can occur in the eye

A

Accommodation (for focussing on near/far objects), Adaptation to dim/bright light

53
Q

State two things that the eye organ is sensitive to

A

Light intensity & colour

54
Q

State the name of the coloured part of our eye that expands in bright light and contracts in dim light

A

Iris

55
Q

State the name of the hole in the front of our eye that allows light in

A

Pupil

56
Q

What happens to the size of the iris and pupil during bright light?

A

Pupil = small; Iris = big

57
Q

What is the name for the light detecting cells at the back of the eye?

A

Retina

58
Q

What happens to the eye during accommodation for focussing on near objects?

A

1) Ciliary muscles contract 2) Suspensory ligaments loosen 3) Lens is thick -> more refraction

59
Q

What happens to the eye during accommodation for focussing on far objects?

A

1) Ciliary muscles relax 2) Suspensory ligaments pulled tight 3) Lens is thin -> less refraction

60
Q

State the name for short sightedness

A

Myopia (focal point in front of retina)

61
Q

State the name for long sightedness

A

Hyperopia (focal point past retina)

62
Q

When amino acids are broken down by the liver, what is produced?

A

Amino acid -> ammonia (toxic) -> urea

63
Q

What is the name for the process where amino acids are converted into ammonia?

A

Deamination

64
Q

Where in the body are amino acids converted into ammonia?

A

The liver

65
Q

Why is ammonia converted straight into urea?

A

Because it’s toxic

66
Q

What is the name for the process where useful substances are reabsorbed from urine into the blood?

A

Selective reabsorption

67
Q

What are the tiny tubes in the kidney called?

A

Tubules

68
Q

Which hormone controls the water level in the body?

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

69
Q

Where is the hormone that controls the water level in the body released from?

A

Pituitary gland

70
Q

What happens to the amount of ADH released when there is too much water in the blood?

A

Very little ADH released

71
Q

What happens to the amount of ADH released when there is too little water in the blood?

A

A lot of ADH released

72
Q

Name a treatment for kidney failure?

A

Dialysis or transplant

73
Q

What is the name of the blood vessel going into and out of the kidney?

A

In: Renal ARTERY; Out: Renal VEIN

74
Q

What type of transport is used for water to be reabsorbed from the kidney tubules into the blood?

A

Osmosis

75
Q

What type of transport is used for glucose/mineral ions to be reabsorbed from the kidney tubules into the blood?

A

Active Transport

76
Q

Why is protein not filtered out of the blood by the nephron?

A

Too big

77
Q

Which organ monitors and controls your blood glucose concentration?

A

The Pancreas

78
Q

Which hormone is released if there is too much glucose in the blood?

A

Insulin

79
Q

Which hormone is released if there is too little glucose in the blood?

A

Glucagon

80
Q

Describe the effect of insulin in the body?

A

(Soluble) glucose stored in the muscle & liver cells as (insoluble) glycogen

81
Q

Describe the effect of glucagon in the body?

A

(Insoluble) glycogen turned into (soluble) glucose and released from liver and muscle cells into blood

82
Q

Describe what is wrong with a person if they have type one diabetes and how it is treated

A

Not producing enough insulin (genetic) -> treat with insulin injections

83
Q

Describe what is wrong with a person if they have type two diabetes and how it is treated

A

Insulin not having an effect on the muscle/liver cells -> treat with controlled diet and exercise

84
Q

State the hormones that are released from the pancreas and their effect on the body

A

Insulin - decreases blood glucose; Glucagon - increases blood glucose

85
Q

Define ‘gland’

A

An organ that releases a hormone into the blood

86
Q

Define ‘hormone’

A

A chemical messenger that travels in the blood to target organs

87
Q

Define ‘negative feedback’ (higher tier only)

A

Our body’s way of monitoring changes in internal conditions and then responding to these changes so that homeostasis is regained

88
Q

Which type of diabetes is inherited?

A

Type one

89
Q

Which type of diabetes is caused by lifestyle?

A

Type two

90
Q

How do glucagon & insulin travel around the body?

A

In blood

91
Q

State a risk factor for type 2 diabetes

A

Obesity, Lack of exercise and sedentary way of life, High blood pressure, Family history, Aging

92
Q

State the function of FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)

A

Causes egg to mature

93
Q

State where FSH is produced

A

Pituitary Gland

94
Q

State the hormone that FSH stimulates the production of (HT only)

A

Oestrogen from ovaries

95
Q

State the effect of oestrogen

A

Causes uterus lining to build up

96
Q

Which hormone inhibits FSH release? (HT only)

A

Oestrogen

97
Q

Which hormone does oestrogen stimulate? (HT only)

A

Luteinising hormone (LH)

98
Q

State the effect of luteinising hormone (LH) on the body

A

Causes ovulation

99
Q

Where is luteinising hormone produced?

A

Pituitary Gland

100
Q

Where is progesterone produced?

A

The empty egg follicle (corpus luteum)

101
Q

State the role of progesterone

A

Maintains uterus lining; Inhibits FSH & LH.

102
Q

Name 3 non-hormonal methods of contraception

A

Barrier method (diaphragm or condoms), abstinence, spermicide, sterilisation, some intrauterine devices.

103
Q

Name 3 hormonal methods of contraception

A

Oral contraceptive pill, implant, injection, some intrauterine devices.

104
Q

What does IVF stand for?

A

In Vitro Fertilisation (outside of the body).

105
Q

What are the 4 stages of IVF? (Higher tier only)

A

1) Mother given FSH & LH to stimulate maturation of several eggs 2) Eggs collected from mother and fertilised by sperm in lab 3) Fertilised eggs develop into embryos 4) Two embryos inserted into mother’s uterus.

106
Q

What is embryo screening?

A

Check embryo for genetic diseases and decide whether or not to use/abort the embryo.

107
Q

What is the name of a plant’s response to (a) light (b) gravity (triply only)

A

(a) Light = phototropism; (b) Gravity = gravitropism/geotropism

108
Q

Which plant hormone initiates seed germination? (triple only)

A

Gibberellins

109
Q

Which hormone causes cell division and fruit ripening (triple only)

A

Ethene

110
Q

State three uses of auxins

A

1) Weed killer 2) Rooting powder 3) Tissue culture

111
Q

State one use of ethene

A

Controlling fruit ripening

112
Q

State three uses of gibberellins

A

1) End seed dormancy 2) Promote flowering 3) Increase fruit size

113
Q

When a shoot grows towards the light, what kind of tropism is demonstrated?

A

Positive phototropism

114
Q

When a root grows away from the light, what kind of tropism is demonstrated?

A

Negative phototropism

115
Q

When a root grows down (with gravity), what kind of tropism is demonstrated?

A

Positive geotropism

116
Q

When a shoot grows up (against gravity), what kind of tropism is demonstrated?

A

Negative geotropism

117
Q

How does auxin cause a shoot to grow towards light?

A

Auxin moves to shady side -> elongation of cells

118
Q

How does auxin cause a plant to grow against gravity?

A

Auxin moves to lower side -> elongation of cells

119
Q

State the names of 3 plant hormones

A

1) Ethene 2) Gibberellins 3) Auxin

120
Q

Which transport method is used to move auxin from the tip of a plant to other parts?

A

Diffusion

121
Q

Which part of a plant contains lots of new forming cells?

A

Meristem

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