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Biology (B2) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the name of the tissue where new cells are made in a plant?

A

Meristems

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2
Q

What is the name of the specialised plant cell adapted to absorb water and nutrients from the soil?

A

Root hair cell

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3
Q

What is the name of the specialised plant cell adapted to open and close the stomata of a plant?

A

Guard cell

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4
Q

Which word describes a guard cell filled with water?

A

Turgid

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5
Q

Which word describes a guard cell that has very little water?

A

Flaccid

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6
Q

What is the name of the specialised cell that is adapted to absorb lots of light energy in the leaf?

A

Palisade cell

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7
Q

What is the chemical in chloroplasts that allow plant cells to absorb lots of sunlight?

A

Chlorophyll

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8
Q

What is the Phloem made up of?

A

Sieve cells and companion cells

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9
Q

What is the name for the hole in a leaf that allows gases in and water out?

A

Stomata

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10
Q

What is the name of the plant tissue that is made up of a hollow tube of dead cells?

A

Xylem

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11
Q

Which tissue in a plant transports water?

A

Xylem

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12
Q

Which tissue in a plant transports glucose?

A

Phloem

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13
Q

In which plant organ is glucose made?

A

Leaf

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14
Q

What is the name of the process that converts water and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen?

A

Photosynthesis

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15
Q

Which organ of a plant is designed to absorb water?

A

Roots

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16
Q

Which organ of a plant is designed to transport substances from the roots to the leaves and vice versa?

A

Stem

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17
Q

What is translocation?

A

Process where glucose is transported from the leaf of other parts of the plant

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18
Q

What is transpiration?

A

The loss of water from from the leaf by evaporation through the stomata

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19
Q

On which side of the leaf are there more stomata?

A

Underside/lower

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20
Q

What is covering the top layer of the leaf to reduce the loss of water?

A

Waxy cuticle

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21
Q

What organ in a plant does water enter through?

A

roots

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22
Q

What happens to guard cells when its very sunny?

A

They become turgid

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23
Q

What happens to stomata when it is night?

A

They close

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24
Q

Describe the structure of xylem

A

Hollow tube strengthened with lignin

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25
Q

Describe the structure of phloem

A

Elongated cells with sieve plate and companion cells

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26
Q

How do you calculate surface area of a cuboid?

A

Sum of all the 2D faces

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27
Q

State 4 factors that affect the rate of transpiration

A

Temperature
Wind intensity
Light intensity
Humidity (arid conditions)

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28
Q

Why does high wind intensity increase transpiration?

A

Increases concentration gradient

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29
Q

Why does high light intensity increase transpiration?

A

Causes stomata to open

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30
Q

Why does arid conditions increase the rate of transpiration?

A

Increases concentration gradient

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31
Q

Why does high temperature increase the rate of transpiration?

A

Water particles have more kinetic energy

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32
Q

Which enzyme breaks down lipids, carbohydrates and proteins?

A

Lipase
Amylase
Protease

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33
Q

What is amylase produced by?

A

The salivary glands

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34
Q

What is the name of the leaf shaped organ that produces enzymes?

A

Pancreas

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35
Q

What is the name of the organ that produce bile?

A

Liver

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36
Q

What is the name of the organ that stores bile?

A

Gall bladder

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37
Q

Is bile acidic or alkaline?

A

Alkaline

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38
Q

What is added to the stomach to kill pathogens?

A

Hydrochloric acid

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39
Q

What is the name of the process that breaks down large globules of fat into smaller ones?

A

Emulsification

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40
Q

Write the word equation for the digestion of carbohydrates

A

Starch –> Glucose

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41
Q

Write the word equation for the digestion of proteins

A

Protein –> amino acids

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42
Q

Write the word equation for the digestion of fats

A

Lipids –> fatty acids + Glycerol

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43
Q

Which part of the digestive system are nutrients absorbed into the blood from?

A

Small intestine

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44
Q

Which part of the digestive system is water absorbed into the blood from?

A

Large intestine

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45
Q

What is the scientific name for the food pipe?

A

Oesophagus

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46
Q

What is the name of the process where food is pushed down the food pipe?

A

Peristalsis

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47
Q

What reagent is used to test for starch?

A

Iodine

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48
Q

What is the positive result for starch?

A

Blue/Black

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49
Q

What is the reagent used to test for glucose?

A

Benedict’s solution

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50
Q

What is the positive result for glucose?

A

Green –> Orange –> Brick red

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51
Q

What is a positive result for lipids

A

A white emulsion forms

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52
Q

Name the food group that cannot be digested in the human body

A

Fibre

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53
Q

Name three enzymes

A

Amylase/Carbohydrase
Lipase
Protease

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54
Q

Why can enzymes only break down one substrate?

A

Enzymes have a specific shaped active site which will only fit one shaped substrate

55
Q

What are enzymes?

A

A type of protein

56
Q

Define ‘enzyme’

A

Biological catalysts that speed up the rate of reaction

57
Q

What are enzymes made up of?

A

Amino acids

58
Q

What 2 things can enzymes do?

A

Break down molecules
Join molecules together together

59
Q

Enzyme-RP state the independent variable

A

pH or Buffer solution

60
Q

Enzyme RP- state the dependent varaible

A

Time taken for starch to break down into simple sugars

61
Q

Enzyme RP- How is the temperature controlled

A

Water bath

62
Q

Enzyme RP- what piece of equipment is used to place the tests solution in?

A

Spotting tile

63
Q

Which type of vessel leaves the heart?

A

Arteries

64
Q

Which type of vessel enters the heart?

A

Veins

65
Q

What is the name of the 4 chambers of the heart?

A

Top:Left/right atrium
Bottom:Left/right ventricle

66
Q

Where is the bodies natural pacemaker?

A

Right atrium

67
Q

What is the name of the blood vessel that enters the heart from the body?

A

Vena Cava

68
Q

What is the name of the blood vessel that enters the heart from the lungs?

A

Pulmonary vein

69
Q

What is the name of the blood vessel that goes from the lungs from the heart?

A

Pulmonary artery

70
Q

What is the name of the blood vessel that goes from the heart to the rest of your body?

A

Aorta

71
Q

Which side of the heart is thicker?

A

Left

72
Q

Which side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood out of it?

A

Left

73
Q

Which side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood?

A

Right

74
Q

What is a transplant?

A

Removing a heart from one person and placing it into another

75
Q

Which drug reduces the amount of cholesterol in a persons body?

A

Statins

76
Q

Which organ does a statin affect?

A

Liver

77
Q

State 3 adaptations of red blood cells

A

No nucleus
Biconcave shape
Small

78
Q

State 2 adaptations of white blood cells

A

Cytoplasm contains enzymes
Flexible cell membrane

79
Q

Which type of blood vessel has thin walls but a large lumen?

A

Vein

80
Q

Which type of blood vessel has thick walls but a small lumen?

A

Artery

81
Q

Which type of blood vessel has valves?

A

Veins

82
Q

Which type of blood vessel has a pulse?

A

Artery

83
Q

Give one non-surgical intervention that can reduce the changes of heart disease/a heart attack

A

Excercise/diet

84
Q

What is the function of red blood cells?

A

To carry oxygen

85
Q

What is the function of white blood cellls?

A

Destroy pathogens

86
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

Clot the blood (form scabs)

87
Q

What is the function of plasma?

A

To carry the blood components, glucose, carbon dioxide and hormones

88
Q

What is carried in the plasma of the blood?

A

Carbon dioxide
Glucose
Urea
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets
Hormones

89
Q

What is the name of the substance that can block arteries?

A

Cholesterol

90
Q

What is coronary heart disease?

A

When the blood vessels in the muscle of the heart get blocked

91
Q

What are the blood vessel that provide the heart with oxygen called?

A

Coronary arteries

92
Q

What is a stent?

A

A wire mesh that widens arteries so blood can pass through

93
Q

State the equations to calculate blood flow rate calculations

A

Cardiac output=heart rate x stroke volume

94
Q

Define ‘health’

A

State of physical and mental well being

95
Q

What is a communicable disease?

A

A disease that can spread between people and is cause by a pathogen

96
Q

What is a non-communicable disease?

A

A disease that cat cannot spread between people and isn’t caused by pathogens

97
Q

State 3 factors other than disease that can have an impact on health

A

Diet
Stress
Life situaution/events

98
Q

State 1 consequence of long term physical ill health

A

Depression

99
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A microorganism that causes diseases

100
Q

Define ‘risk factors’

A

Factors that are linked to an increased rate of developing a disease

101
Q

State 3 risk factors for cardiovascular disease

A

Diet
Smoking
Excercise

102
Q

State 1 risk factor for type 2 diabetes

A

Obesity

103
Q

Name 2 organs affected by drinking alcohol

A

Brain
Liver

104
Q

Name 2 potential impact of smoking

A

Lung disease
Lung cancer

105
Q

State a risk factor for cancer

A

Contact with carcinogens
Ionising radiation

106
Q

State 2 lifestyle factors that can impact an unborn baby’s development

A

Smoking
drinking alcohol

107
Q

Why is a sample of people used when investigating risk factors for diseases?

A

Impractical to sample whole population
Too time consuming

108
Q

State 4 non-communicable diseases

A

Anaemia
Cancer
Depression
Diabetes

109
Q

Define ‘CHD/CVD’

A

Disease of the heart or blood vessels

110
Q

What is the main cause of CVD?

A

Atherosclerosis (arteries blocked by fatty deposits)

111
Q

State 4 lifestyle factors that can increase the chance of having CVD?

A

Smoking
Poor diet
High blood pressure
Little excercise

112
Q

How does a stent helped to treat CVD?

A

More oxygen can reach the heart muscle for aerobic respiration

113
Q

State 3 pros of a stent

A

Lowers risk of heart attack
Effective long-term treatment
Fast recovery time

114
Q

State 2 cons of a stent

A

Risk of complication in surgery
Risk of blood clot near the stent

115
Q

What are the 2 categories of risk factors?

A

Lifestyle factors
Substances in the body/environment

116
Q

What is cancer?

A

Uncontrolled cell division (mitosis)

117
Q

Describe benign tumours

A

Non-cancerous tumours
Stay in one space and do not invade surrounding tissue as they’re encapsulated in a membrane

118
Q

Describe malignant tumours

A

Cancerous tumors
Can invade surrounding tissue, break off, travel in the blood and cause secondary tumours

119
Q

Give 4 lifestyle factors that increase the chance of cancer

A

Smoking
Obesity
Viral infections
UV exposure

120
Q

Why are there improved survival rates from cancer now than 50 years ago?

A

Better treatment
Earlier diagnosis
More screening
Better knowledge of risk factor

121
Q

Why are people in developed countries more likely to suffer from non-communicable disease?

A

Richer therefor have access to higher fat/sugar/salt foods which increase BP and the rate of fatty deposit formation

122
Q

Why are are people in more affluent areas of a country less likely to develop non-communicable diseases?

A

Less likely to smoke
More likely to exercise
Diet lower in fat/sugar/salt

123
Q

Give 4 human costs of non-communicable diseases

A

Death
Lower quality of life
Shorter life
Impacts loved ones

124
Q

Describe the upper epidermis

A

It is transparent so that light can pass through it to the palisade layer

125
Q

Describe the palisade mesophyll layer

A

Made up of cells where photosynthesis takes place

126
Q

Describe the spong mesophyll layer

A

Has air gaps to make it easier for gasses to diffuse in and out

127
Q

Describe the function of the oespohagus

A

Muscle squeezes down food

128
Q

Where in the body is amylase found?

A

Salivary glands
Small intestine
Pancreas

129
Q

Where in the body is protease found?

A

Stomach (pepsin)
Pancreas
Small intestine

130
Q

Where in the body is lipase found?

A

Pancreas
Small intestine

131
Q

What affects enzyme activity?

A

pH
Temperature

132
Q

What is the function of valves?

A

Prevent backflow

133
Q
A

Science (12 decks)

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