Genomics and Proteomics Flashcards
which genomics has organization and sequence of genetic information contained within a genome
structural genomics
which gives you the approximate locations of genes based on the rates of recombination
genetic maps
limitations to genetic maps
low resolution oir detail
do not correspond to physical distance between genes
which map is based on the direct analysis of DNA, places genes in relation to distances measured in bp,kbp,mbp
Physical map
which is more accurate and ha a higher resolution genetic map or physical map
physical map
physical map or genetic map are often used to order cloned DNA fragments
Physical maps
what is the name of the first living organism to be sequences
Haemophilus influenzae
why does map-based approaches to the whole genome sequencing rely on genetic than physical maps
because of details to align sequenced fragments
whole-genome shotgun sequencing uses
sequence overlap to align sequenced fragments
a site in the genome where individual members of a species differ in a single base pair is called
single nucleotide polymorphisms
which specific set of SNPs and other genetic variants observed on a chromosome
haplotype
what are essential to genome-wide association studies
single nucleotide polymorphisms
variation in a single base constitutes of
each SNP
Each haplotype is made up of ________________ at each SNP
particular set of alleles
The number of copies of DNA sequences
varies among people is called
Copy-number variations (CNV)
Markers associated with DNA sequences that
are expressed as RNA are called
Expressed-sequence tags (ESTs)
Molecular biology + computer science is called
bioinformatics
________sequencing genomes of entire
communities of organisms
Metagenomics
_______the creation from scratch of
novel organisms
synthetic biology
characterizes what the sequences do
Functional genomics
all the RNA molecules
transcribed from a genome
Transcriptome
all the proteins encoded by the
genome
Proteome
Genes that are evolutionarily related are called
Homologous
Homologous genes in different species that
evolved from the same gene in a common
ancestor
orthologs
Homologous genes arising by duplication of a
single gene in the same organism
paralogs
using a known
DNA fragment as a probe to find a
complementary sequence
Nucleic acid hybridization
encoding an easily observed product used to track the
expression of a gene of interest
Reporter sequence
what can be used to examine gene expression
associated with disease progression
Microarrays
can variation in gene expressions, detected by microarrays, be used to predict the recurrence of breast cancer
70 genes were identified whose expression patterns accurately predicted the recurrence of breast cancer within 5 years of treatment
been used to compare the expression of miRNAs in
cancerous cervical cells with that in normal cervical cells
Microarrays
can be used to determine the expression of genes
RNA sequencing
Genes affecting a particular characteristic or
function can be identified
by a genome-wide mutagenesis screen
Exchanging genetic information from closely
related or distantly related species over
evolutionary time is called
Horizontal gene transfer
how do prokaryotic genomes evolve
genomic size and number of genes
horizontal gene transfer
function of gees
how do eukaryotic genome evolve
– Genome size and number of genes
– Segment duplications and multigene families
– Noncoding DNA
– Transposable elements
– Protein diversity
– Homologous genes
– Collinearity between related genomes
the preserved order of genes on chromosomes of
related species which results from descent
from a common ancestor.
Synteny
the human genome has about howe mnay bp and protein coding genes
3.2 Mbp and 20,000 protein coding genes
which is longer introns of genes in humans or in nematodes and fruit flies
introns in humans
