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Genetics > Developmental Biology > Flashcards

Developmental Biology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

a cell that has the potential to develop into any cell type is called

A

Totipotent cell

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2
Q

a cell becomes committed to a particular cell fate

A

determination

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3
Q

many kind of plants can be cloned from

A

isolated single cells

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4
Q

what serves as the model for the genetic control of development

A

Drosophila

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5
Q

what is responsible for the determination of dorsal-ventral axis, anterior-posterior axis

A

Egg polarity genes

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6
Q

how many stages does the Drosophila go through before developing into an adult fly

A

3 larval stages and a pupa

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7
Q

what stage does the Drosophila undergo metamorphosis

A

at the pupa

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8
Q

what are the stages in the early development in Drospholia Embryo

A

a. single-celled diploid zygote
b. multinucleate syncytium
c. syncytial blastoderm
d. cellular blastoderm

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9
Q

what is established at the 2-hour embryo mark

A

anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral axes

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10
Q

what is established at the 10 hours embryo mark

A

number and orientation of the body segments

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11
Q

when is the identity of each individual segment

A

the adult stage

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12
Q

what gene is responsible for determination of number and polarity of body segments

A

Segmentation genes

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13
Q

what gene is responsible for establishment of identity of each segments

A

homeotic genes

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14
Q

determination of anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral axes of the embryo. is called

A

material origin

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15
Q

what is the protein in which its concentration gradient affects the developmental fate of the surrounding region

A

morphogen

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16
Q

what gene SPECIFICALLY determines the dorsal-ventral axis

A

dorsal gene

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17
Q

what genes SPECIFICALLY determines the anterior-posterior axis

A

bicoid gene, nanos gene, hunchback gene

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18
Q

what gene is responsible for anterior structures gene EXPRESSION, stimulates hunchback

A

bicoid in ovary

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19
Q

what gene is responsible for posterior structures, inhibits translation of hunchback mRNA

A

nanos in ovary

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20
Q

what gene regulates TRANSCRIPTION of genes responsible for anterior structures

A

hunchback

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21
Q

what gene takes part in the development of mesodermal tissues

A

twist, expressed in embryo

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22
Q

types of segmentation genes

A

homeotic genes in Drosophila
Homeobox genes in other organisms
Epigenetic changes in development

23
Q

what controls the differentiation of the embryo into individual segments

A

segmentation genes

24
Q

What broad region gap differentiation?

A

gap genes

25
Q

what affects alternate segments?

A

pair-rule genes

26
Q

what affects your development of individual segments?

A

segment-polarity gene

27
Q

what is the effect of gap gene mutation

A

delete group of adjacent segment

28
Q

what is the effect of pair-rule mutation

A

delete same part of pattern in every other segment

29
Q

what is the effect of segment-polaroity gene

A

affect polarity of segmnet, replacement

30
Q

example of gap gene

A

hunchback, kruppel, knirps, giant, tailles

31
Q

exmaple of pair-rule gene

A

runt, hairy, fushi tarazu, odd-paired, sloppy paired

32
Q

example of segment-polarity genes

A

engrailed, wingless, gooseberry,cunitus interruputs

33
Q

homeotic gene in Drosophilia affects

A

identity of segments

34
Q

homeobox genes in other organisms affects

A

genes encoding DNA-binding proteins, these protein usually play a regulatory rule

35
Q

which gene encodes transcription factors that help determine the identity of body regions

A

Hox genes

36
Q

what homeotic mutation substitutes legs for the antenna of a fruit fly

A

Anternnapedia

37
Q

what complexes are homeotic gene present in

A

2 complexes, antennapedia complex & bithorax complex

38
Q

Hox genes in drosophilia are similar to

A

mammals

39
Q

do genes control the development of flowers in plants YES/ FALSE

A

YES

40
Q

what did the flower produced by Arabidopsis thaliana produce

A

Four sepals, four white petals, six stamens, two carpels

41
Q

injured cells dying in an uncontrolled manner is called

A

necrosis

42
Q

is apoptosis and necrosis the same process

A

nope, they are distinct process

43
Q

describe apoptosis

A
  1. DNA is degraded
  2. Cytoplasm and nucleus shrink, nucleus fragments
  3. Vesicles and the cell are engulfed by macrophage
  4. macrophages phagocytizes apoptotic cell.
44
Q

describe necrosis

A
  1. cell swells
  2. cell lyses and releases cytoplasmic material
45
Q

expression of eyeless gene causes

A

development of an eye on the leg of a fruit fly

46
Q

what molecules elicit an immune reaction

A

antigen

47
Q

what protein that binds an antigen and marks it for destruction by phagocytic cells

A

antibody

48
Q

the production of antibodies by B cells is what type of immunity

A

humoral immunity

49
Q

what immunity depends on T cells

A

Cellular immunity

50
Q

what immunity gives primary response, memory cells, secondary response

A

clonal selection

51
Q

B cells and T cells found in

A

bone marrow, thymus

52
Q

descrube structure of immunoglobin molecule

A

four polypeptide (2 light chains and 2 heavy chains) combine to form a Y-shaped structure

53
Q

antibody diversity is produced by

A

somatic recombination

54
Q

why does a Tcell receptor have 2 polypeptide chains

A

because one tranverse the cell membrane and the other projects away form the cell and binds antigens

Genetics (20 decks)

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