Developmental Biology Flashcards
a cell that has the potential to develop into any cell type is called
Totipotent cell
a cell becomes committed to a particular cell fate
determination
many kind of plants can be cloned from
isolated single cells
what serves as the model for the genetic control of development
Drosophila
what is responsible for the determination of dorsal-ventral axis, anterior-posterior axis
Egg polarity genes
how many stages does the Drosophila go through before developing into an adult fly
3 larval stages and a pupa
what stage does the Drosophila undergo metamorphosis
at the pupa
what are the stages in the early development in Drospholia Embryo
a. single-celled diploid zygote
b. multinucleate syncytium
c. syncytial blastoderm
d. cellular blastoderm
what is established at the 2-hour embryo mark
anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral axes
what is established at the 10 hours embryo mark
number and orientation of the body segments
when is the identity of each individual segment
the adult stage
what gene is responsible for determination of number and polarity of body segments
Segmentation genes
what gene is responsible for establishment of identity of each segments
homeotic genes
determination of anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral axes of the embryo. is called
material origin
what is the protein in which its concentration gradient affects the developmental fate of the surrounding region
morphogen
what gene SPECIFICALLY determines the dorsal-ventral axis
dorsal gene
what genes SPECIFICALLY determines the anterior-posterior axis
bicoid gene, nanos gene, hunchback gene
what gene is responsible for anterior structures gene EXPRESSION, stimulates hunchback
bicoid in ovary
what gene is responsible for posterior structures, inhibits translation of hunchback mRNA
nanos in ovary
what gene regulates TRANSCRIPTION of genes responsible for anterior structures
hunchback
what gene takes part in the development of mesodermal tissues
twist, expressed in embryo
types of segmentation genes
homeotic genes in Drosophila
Homeobox genes in other organisms
Epigenetic changes in development
what controls the differentiation of the embryo into individual segments
segmentation genes
What broad region gap differentiation?
gap genes
what affects alternate segments?
pair-rule genes
what affects your development of individual segments?
segment-polarity gene
what is the effect of gap gene mutation
delete group of adjacent segment
what is the effect of pair-rule mutation
delete same part of pattern in every other segment
what is the effect of segment-polaroity gene
affect polarity of segmnet, replacement
example of gap gene
hunchback, kruppel, knirps, giant, tailles
exmaple of pair-rule gene
runt, hairy, fushi tarazu, odd-paired, sloppy paired
example of segment-polarity genes
engrailed, wingless, gooseberry,cunitus interruputs
homeotic gene in Drosophilia affects
identity of segments
homeobox genes in other organisms affects
genes encoding DNA-binding proteins, these protein usually play a regulatory rule
which gene encodes transcription factors that help determine the identity of body regions
Hox genes
what homeotic mutation substitutes legs for the antenna of a fruit fly
Anternnapedia
what complexes are homeotic gene present in
2 complexes, antennapedia complex & bithorax complex
Hox genes in drosophilia are similar to
mammals
do genes control the development of flowers in plants YES/ FALSE
YES
what did the flower produced by Arabidopsis thaliana produce
Four sepals, four white petals, six stamens, two carpels
injured cells dying in an uncontrolled manner is called
necrosis
is apoptosis and necrosis the same process
nope, they are distinct process
describe apoptosis
- DNA is degraded
- Cytoplasm and nucleus shrink, nucleus fragments
- Vesicles and the cell are engulfed by macrophage
- macrophages phagocytizes apoptotic cell.
describe necrosis
- cell swells
- cell lyses and releases cytoplasmic material
expression of eyeless gene causes
development of an eye on the leg of a fruit fly
what molecules elicit an immune reaction
antigen
what protein that binds an antigen and marks it for destruction by phagocytic cells
antibody
the production of antibodies by B cells is what type of immunity
humoral immunity
what immunity depends on T cells
Cellular immunity
what immunity gives primary response, memory cells, secondary response
clonal selection
B cells and T cells found in
bone marrow, thymus
descrube structure of immunoglobin molecule
four polypeptide (2 light chains and 2 heavy chains) combine to form a Y-shaped structure
antibody diversity is produced by
somatic recombination
why does a Tcell receptor have 2 polypeptide chains
because one tranverse the cell membrane and the other projects away form the cell and binds antigens
