Cancer genetics

Question 1

pancreatic cancer is what type of trait

Answer 1

autosomal dominant possesing a mutant palladin gene

Question 2

abnormal proliferation of cancer cells produces

Answer 2

a tumor that crowds out normal cells

Question 3

what type of cancer has the highest cases every year

Answer 3

breast

Question 4

what type of cancer has the highest death

Answer 4

158,080

Question 5

what is a distinct mass of abnormal cells

Answer 5

tumor formation

Question 6

what is this called when a tumor cell remains localized

Answer 6

benign tumor

Question 7

what is this called when a tumor cells invade other tissues

Answer 7

malignant tumor

Question 8

when tumor cells induce secondary tumor is called

Answer 8

metastasis

Question 9

what are genetic evidence for cancer

Answer 9

carcinogens, radiation, chromosomal abnormalities

Question 10

what did Alfred Knudson proposed

Answer 10

that retinoblastoma results from two seperate genetic defects, both which are necessary for growth

Question 11

through clonal evolution tumor, cells acquire multiple mutations to allow them to become

Answer 11

increasingly aggressive and proliferative

Question 12

dominant-acting mutations, stimualtory genes that cause cancer are called

Answer 12

Oncogenes

Question 13

what genes are responsible for basic cellular functions in normal cells, when mutated act as oncognes

Answer 13

proto-oncogenes

Question 14

when proto-oncogenes are mutated, tehy are called

Answer 14

oncogenes

Question 15

what genes are recessive-acting mutations, inhibitory genes that are inactive

Answer 15

tumor-suppresor genes

Question 16

stimulatory genes are , inhibitory genes are

Answer 16

oncogenes,tumor-suppresor genes

Question 17

why are people heterozygous to a tumor-supressor gene predisposed to cancer

Answer 17

because the loss of the wild type allele leads to loss of tumor suppressor activity

Question 18

what are some mutations in genes that control the cycle of cell division

Answer 18

CDKs, cyclins
G1-to-S transition
Retinoblastoma protein (RB)
G2 to M transition
MPF
Spindle assembly checkpoint

Question 19

what protein helps control the progression through the G1/S checkpoint

Answer 19

RB protein by binding transcription factor E2F

Question 20

progression through G2/M checkpint is regulated by

Answer 20

cyclin B

Question 21

what signals trigger cascade of intracellular reactions producing a specific response

Answer 21

signal transduction pathways

Question 22

what pathway conducts signals from growth factors and hormones to the nucleus and stimulates cell cycle

Answer 22

Ras-signal-transduction

Question 23

ACtivated Ras activates»»> which activates a protein&raquo_space;»> which activates&raquo_space;»>

Answer 23

Raf,MEK, MAP kinase

Question 24

Activated MAP kinase moves into

Answer 24

the nucleus and activates transcription factors

Question 25

mutations that lead to increased mutations in other genes

Answer 25

DNA repair gene

Question 26

what reduces the expression of many miRNAs

Answer 26

MicroRNAs

Question 27

mutations that drive cancer process

Answer 27

Drivers

Question 28

mutations arise randomly during cancer but to not contribute to cancer progression

Answer 28

passengers

Question 29

alternations to DNA methylations are seen in many cancers as

Answer 29

hypermethylation or hypomethylation

Question 30

colorectal cancer arises from

Answer 30

sequential mutations of a number of gene

Question 31

if initial mutations stimulate cell division and lead to a small benign polyp. what does additional mutations do

Answer 31

they allow the polyp to enlarge and invade the muscle layer spreading to other sites

Question 32

what chromosomal inability may remove or disrupt gene that suppress tumors

Answer 32

deletions

Question 33

what may break tumor suppressor genes or move genes to position next to different regulatory sequences altering their expressions

Answer 33

inversions and translocations

Question 34

a reciprocal translocation between 9 and 22 causes

Answer 34

chronic myelogenous leukemia

Question 35

a reciprocal translocation between 8 and 14 causes

Answer 35

burkitt lymphona

Question 36

a change from the wild type in the number of chromosomes, mostly increase or decrease

Answer 36

aneuploidy

Question 37

retroviruses can cause cancer by

Answer 37

mutating and rearranging proto-oncogenes
inserting strong promoters near proto-oncogenes