Genitourinary

Question 1

what is the most common type of kidney stone?

Answer 1

calcium makes up 85% of kidney stone

Question 2

what is the most specific imaging modality for diagnosing kidney stones?

Answer 2

CT

Question 3

Will a spermatocele transilluminate?

Answer 3

Yes

Question 4

A kidney stone of less than what size will likely pass on its own?

Answer 4

less than 5 mm

Question 5

List three possible treatments for stress incontinence in women.

Answer 5

Kegels, estrogen therapy, surgical placement of a urethral sling

Question 6

A 65 year old male presents with frequency. On digital rectal exam you feel an elastic moderately enlarged prostate. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Answer 6

BPH

Question 7

A PSA above what level should start to make you concerned?

Answer 7

more than 4.0

Question 8

Give two major risk factors for erectile dysfunction

Answer 8

Diabetes, hypertension, depression, coronary artery disease

Question 9

List one major risk factor for bladder cancer?

Answer 9

Smoking

Question 10

Define paraphimosis

Answer 10

foreskin is retracted and cannot by reduced

Question 11

Which problem is an emergency phimosis or paraphimosis?

Answer 11

Paraphimosis

Question 12

What is the name of the condition that involves fibrous scar tissue in the penis causing a curvature of the erect penis?

Answer 12

peyronie’s disease

Question 13

Both testicles should be descended by what age?

Answer 13

3 months

Question 14

Feeling a bag of worms in the scrotum should make you think of what diagnosis?

Answer 14

varicocele

Question 15

A fluid filled painless mass found in the scrotum which transilluminates should make you think of what diagnosis?

Answer 15

hydrocele

Question 16

What is the first line treatment for a varicocele?

Answer 16

Watchful waiting unless there is a question of fertility.

Question 17

Name the sign which is defined as decreased pain with scrotal elevation?

Answer 17

Prehn’s sign

Question 18

Maltese crosses in the urine should make you think of what diagnosis?

Answer 18

Nephrotic syndrome

Question 19

What is the imaging study of choice if you suspect bladder cancer?

Answer 19

Cystoscopy and biopsy

Question 20

What is the most likely diagnosis for a free floating, painless, cystic mass found posterior and superior to the testis?

Answer 20

spermatocele

Question 21

What age range is typically associated with testicular torsion?

Answer 21

10-20 years old

Question 22

Where is the epididymis found?

Answer 22

It is found at the posterior upper pole.

Question 23

What is the best imaging to rule out testicular torsion?

Answer 23

Doppler U/S for decreased blood flow to the testes.

Question 24

What are the two most common causes of epididymitis?

Answer 24

Neisseria gonorrhea and chlamydia

Question 25

What medicaton classes are prescribed in order to help prevent chronic renal failure in diabetic patients?

Answer 25

ACEIs or ARBs

Question 26

Will epididymitis feel better with scrotal elevation?

Answer 26

Yes

Question 27

What is the normal level of serum bicarbonate (HCO3)?

Answer 27

24 mEq/Liter

Question 28

What is the treatment for epididymitis?

Answer 28

Ceftriaxone and doxycycline

Question 29

What is the first line antibiotic treatment for cystitis?

Answer 29

Bactrim

Question 30

What is the most common organism that causes a bladder infection?

Answer 30

E. coli

Question 31

Tenderness at the costovertebral angle should make you think of what diagnosis?

Answer 31

pyelonephritis

Question 32

What is the condition where the urethral meatus is not at the tip of the penis?

Answer 32

hypospadias and in far fewer cases epispadias

Question 33

What is the most common organism responsible for prostatitis?

Answer 33

E. coli

Question 34

What is the first line antibiotic for prostatitis?

Answer 34

Bactrim 4-6 weeks

Question 35

List two risk factors for prostate cancer.

Answer 35

Advancing age, African American, positive family history, high fat diet.

Question 36

What might you feel on a digital rectal exam of a patient with prostate cancer?

Answer 36

Enlarged prostate, hard nodules within the prostate.

Question 37

Define priapism

Answer 37

painful persistent erection

Question 38

A prostate biopsy consists of how many samples?

Answer 38

6 to 12

Question 39

Painless hematuria should make you think of what diagnosis?

Answer 39

bladder cancer

Question 40

What is the most common bladder cancer?

Answer 40

transitional cell cancer

Question 41

Define phimosis

Answer 41

foreskin cannot be retracted.

Question 42

Name the condition in which the head of the penis curves downward or upward, at the junction of the head and shaft of the penis. (Hint: It is often associated with hypospadias.)

Answer 42

chordee

Question 43

How do you treat urethritis?

Answer 43

ceftriaxone and doxycycline

Question 44

A 3 year old boy presents with hematuria and a painless palpable abdominal mass. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Answer 44

Wilms tumor

Question 45

List three possible causes of prerenal renal failure.

Answer 45

CHF, severe dehydration, hemorrhage.

Question 46

What is the most common cause of postrenal renal failure?

Answer 46

BPH, postrenal renal failure is secondary to an outflow obstruction.

Question 47

Muddy brown sediment in the urine should make you think of what diagnosis?

Answer 47

Acute tubular necrosis

Question 48

Tea colored urine with red cell casts should make you think of what diagnosis?

Answer 48

Glomerulonephritis

Question 49

What are the two most common predisposing factors in the development of chronic renal failure?

Answer 49

HTN and DM

Question 50

A sponge like prostate on digital rectal exam should make you think of what diagnosis?

Answer 50

Prostatitis, but be careful. You can cause sepsis with a digital rectal exam.

Question 51

Will serum potassium be decreased or elevated in renal failure?

Answer 51

elevated

Question 52

A urine protein of >3.5 grams/day should make you think of what diagnosis?

Answer 52

Nephrotic syndrome

Question 53

What hereditary pattern does polycystic kidney disease follow?

Answer 53

Autosomal dominant

Question 54

What is the normal pH of the blood?

Answer 54

7.35-7.45

Question 55

What is the most accurate way to diagnose urethritis?

Answer 55

Urine PCR

Question 56

What is considered a normal PCO2?

Answer 56

40mmHg

Question 57

An ABG shows a pH of 7.2, a bicarb of 25 and a PCO2 of 50. Is this respiratory or metabolic acidosis?

Answer 57

respiratory - CO2 is elevated

Question 58

White blood cell casts should make you think of what diagnosis?

Answer 58

pyelonephritis

Question 59

What area of the prostate is affected by BPH?

Answer 59

The transitional zone

Question 60

What area of the prostate is the primary site for prostate cancer?

Answer 60

The peripheral zone

Question 61

An involuntary loss of urine during coughing or laughing is what type of incontinence?

Answer 61

Stress incontinence

Question 62

A patient who has normal bladder function, but can not get to the bathroom has what type of incontinence?

Answer 62

functional incontinence

Question 63

What type of incontinence is often associated with BPH?

Answer 63

Overflow incontinence, the bladder cannot empty sufficiently.

Question 64

At what age do you begin screening patients for prostate cancer? What two tests are used?

Answer 64

At age 50 an annual digital rectal exam and a PSA are recommended.

Question 65

Often caused by chlamydia what is the syndrome characterized by urethritis (or cervicitis), arthritis and conjuctivitis?

Answer 65

Reiter's syndrome

Question 66

What is the most common type of testicular cancer?

Answer 66

Nonseminoma