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Science Yr8 > Genetics And Variation > Flashcards

Genetics And Variation Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is within a species?

A

Within a species there is always variation.

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2
Q

What is continuous variation?

A

Continuous variation is variation with no limit for the population e.g. height. We use a line graph to plot this data.

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3
Q

What is discontinuous variation?

A

Discontinuous variation is variation with distinct groups e.g. eye colour we plot this data on a bar chart

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4
Q

Are blue eyes more sensitive?

A

Yes

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5
Q

Vertebrate group: fish

A

Scales, lives in water, cold–blooded, lays eggs, gills

E.g. goldfish

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6
Q

Vertebrate group: amphibians

A

Smooth skin, live in water and land, cold–blooded, lays eggs, permeable skin
E.g. frog

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7
Q

Vertebrate group: reptiles

A

Scales, lays eggs, cold–blooded, lungs

E.g. snake

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8
Q

Vertebrate group: mammals

A

Hair or fur, warm–blooded, live births, lungs, makes milk

E.g. lion

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9
Q

Vertebrate group: birds

A

Feathers, warm–blooded, lays eggs, lungs, beaks

E.g. eagle

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10
Q

What does cold blooded mean?

A

Colder blooded means a few degrees colder than our (human) blood

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11
Q

What are some dominant characteristics?

A 
Tongue rolling
Bent little finger
Widows peak
Mid-digital hair
Brown eyes
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12
Q

What are some recessive characteristics?

A

Blue eyes

Attached earlobes

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13
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

The centre of each human cell contains a nucleus.
Inside the nucleus are 23 pairs of chromosomes
One chromosome of each pair comes from each parent

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14
Q

What are genes?

A

Along the chromosomes are genes-sections that code for specific features.

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15
Q

Chromosomes and genes

A

Because one chromosome comes from each parent you have two version (alleles) of each gene.
The alleles you have determine what you look like.
If both parents give you an allele for brown eyes then you’ll have brown eyes.

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16
Q

Dominant and Recessive alleles

A

For eye colour, brown eyes are dominant and blue are recessive.
This means if you got the brown eye allele from one parent and the blue from the other, you would have brown eyes.

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17
Q

What is a fossil?

A

Fossils are one of the pieces of evidence towards the theory of evolution.
A fossil is the remains or impression of a prehistoric of a prehistoric plant or animal embedded in a rock and preserved in petrified form.

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18
Q

Three types of fossils

A

Impression fossils
Preserved fossils
Mineral fossil

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19
Q

Preserved fossils

A

Amber is the historic reman if tree resin. Amber sometimes contains animals or plant matters that become caught in the resin as it was secreted.
Insects, spiders (even their webs), crustaceans and other small organisms have been recovered in Cretaceous ambers (deposited C. 130 million years ago)

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20
Q

Fossilisation

Mineral Replacement

A

An animal dies, its skeleton settles on the sea floor and is buried by sediment.
The sediment surrounding the skeleton thickens and begins to turn to stone
The skeleton dissolves and a mould is formed
Minerals crystallise inside the mould and a cast is formed
The fossil is exposed on the earths surface due to erosion.

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21
Q

Palaeontology

A

Study of fossils

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22
Q

Geology

A

Study of rocks

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23
Q

What do living organisms compete for?

A

Animals: food, territory, mates, water
Plants: space, light, minerals, ions

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24
Q

Classification system

A

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

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25
Q

Species

A

A group of organisms that have characteristics in common and can interbreed to produce fertile offspring who can go on to have offspring as well

26
Q

Genetic variation

A

Differences and variation between a species. Genetic variation is caused by their genes which is a part of their DNA. Genes are passed from reproduction.

27
Q

Mutation

A

The variation can be caused by mutation (a random change in the genes)

28
Q

Peppered moths

A

Before the industrial revolution tree bark was lighter so the white moths were more likely to survive as it could camouflage.
The industrial revolution came producing a lot of soot and pollution, making the trees darker. The black moth was more likely to survive as it could camouflage and hide from predators

29
Q

Natural selection

A 
Variation
Better adapted
Outcompetes
Survival of the fittest
Breed
Pass on gene
30
Q

Giraffes, genetic variation

A

Genetic variation due to genetic mutation meant that some giraffes developed a longer neck. The giraffes are competing for food high up in the trees. The longer necked giraffes are better adapted because they can get more food. The longer necked giraffes are more likely to pass on the genes for the longer necks to the next generation

31
Q

Rabbits genetic variation

A

Genetic variation due to genetic mutation meant that some rabbits developed longer ears. The rabbits are competing for food and do not want to get eaten by predators. The longer eared rabbits are more likely to survive and breed. The longer eared rabbits are more likely to pass on the genes for the long ears to the next generation.

32
Q

Hedgehogs genetic variation

A

Genetic variation due to genetic mutation meant that some hedgehogs developed spikes. The hedgehogs are competing for food and don’t want to get eaten by predators. The spiked hedgehogs are better adapted because they can defend themselves from predators. The spiked hedgehogs are most likely to survive and breed. The spiked hedgehogs will be more likely to pass on the genes for the spikes to the next generation.

33
Q

Voles genetic variation

A

Genetic variation due to genetic mutation meant that some voles developed more fat. The voles are competing for resources in the cold environment. The fatter moles are better adapted because they are better insulated and so reduce heat loss and stay warmer. The fatter voles are more likely to survive and reproduce and they are more likely to pass on the gene for more fat to the next generation

34
Q

What theory did Charles Darwin come up with?

A

The theory of natural selection to explain evolution

35
Q

Theory of natural selection

A

His theory said that new species of animals and plants evolve over time

36
Q

Where and when was Charles Darwin born?

A

Shrewsbury, England 1809

37
Q

Where did Charles Darwin travel to?

A

He sailed to the other side of South America to the Galápagos Islands and saw new animals like giant tortoises, finches, marine iguanas etc.

38
Q

What did he notice about the finches?

A

The finches lived on different Islands and he noticed that there was variation between them and that the finches had different sized beaks. He concluded that the finches evolved overtime to become better adapted to their environment.

39
Q

Impression Fossils

A

A type of trace fossil. They form when a leaf, shell or foot leaves an imprint in soft earth. When the imprint hardens, it forms a fossil in the shape of the original.

40
Q

What is DNA?

A

DNA is a big double helical molecule which holds a lot of genetic information

41
Q

What made the first model of DNA?

A

Francis Crick and James Watson

42
Q

What did Francis Crick and James Watson discover?

A

They discovered the structure of DNA in February 1953 and published it in April 1953

43
Q

Who’s data did Francis Crick and James Watson use?

A

Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin

44
Q

What did Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins do that helped the discovery of the structure of DNA?

A

X-ray diffraction and they also provided a lot of data. Rosalind Franklin is most famous for Photo 51 which revealed that DNA was a helix

45
Q

When did Francis Crick, James Watson and and Maurice Wilkins win the Nobel prize?

A

Francis Crick, James Watson and Maurice Wilkins won the Nobel prize in biology or Mede in in 1962

46
Q

Why didn’t Rosalind Franklin win a Nobel prize?

A

She dies off ovarian cancer in 1958, four years before the Nobel prize was awarded and the Nobel prize said it was ‘out of the question’ for it to be awarded to her since she was dead.

47
Q

Extinction

A

When no individuals of species remains on Earth

48
Q

Causes of extinction

A

Environment changes quickly (e.g. habitat destruction)
A new predator (e.g. human hunting)
A new disease
Competition with a new species for food + food chain
A catastrophic event (e.g. volcanism eruption, tsunami etc.)

49
Q

biodiversity:

A

number and variety of organisms found in an area

50
Q

impacts extinction has:

A
  • the extinction of one species can have a massive impact on the rest of the community
  • extinction deceases the resources available to humans e.g. medicine made from plants, if a plant species becomes extinct its unique medicine is no longer available to us
51
Q

plant gene banks:

A
  • store seeds

- 20-30yrs before unable to germinate

52
Q

animal gene banks:

A
  • egg, sperm and body cells are preserved

- allows scientists to create embryos of extinct species in the future

53
Q

genotype:

A

genetic makeup

54
Q

impression fossils:

A

A type of trace fossil. They form when a leaf, shell, skin or foot leaves an imprint in soft Earth. When the imprint hardens, it forms a fossil in the shape of the original.

55
Q

natural selection

A
  1. Genetic variation exists between individuals of a population
  2. Individuals compete with each other for food, water and mates, and to avoid predators.
  3. Individuals with adaptive phenotypes compete better are are more likely to survive and reproduce
  4. Individuals with less adaptive phenotypes and fewer competitive characteristics die or reproduce less
  5. Genes for adaptive characteristics are more likely to be inherited. This means the number of species with the adaptive characteristics will increase. Over many generations, eventually all the individuals will have the characteristic.
56
Q

phenotype

A

The set of observable characteristics of an organism produced as a result of the interaction between its genes and the environment

57
Q

fossil record

A

The history of life on Earth as shown by fossils

58
Q

population

A

A group of individuals belonging to the same species living in the same area

58
Q

population

A

A group of individuals belonging to the same species living in the same area

59
Q

speciation:

A

the formation of a new species from an existing species once speciation has occurred the two populations can no longer interbreed to produce fertile offspring

60
Q

speciation:

A

the formation of a new species from an existing species once speciation has occurred the two populations can no longer interbreed to produce fertile offspring

61
Q

speciation:

A

the formation of a new species from an existing species once speciation has occurred the two populations can no longer interbreed to produce fertile offspring

Science Yr8 (26 decks)

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