Genetics and Heredity Flashcards
Sickle cell anemia is an example of which of the following: Incomplete dominance Epistasis Nondisjunction Complete Dominance Pleiotropy
Sickle cell anemia is an example of pleiotropy. Pleiotropy occurs when the expression of one gene ends up affecting the functioning of others. For example, in a person with sickle cell anemia there is a gene that is unable to properly code for hemoglobin. This abnormality causes the red blood cell to change shape (sickle shaped), which then consequently affects their ability to move throughout the body and deliver important cell-to-cell nutrients such as oxygen.
The calico cat is a popular example of
The calico cat is a popular example of x-inactivation. Remember that x-inactivation simply means one of the x-chromosomes is inactivated. Calico cats have different colors throughout their body because varying x-chromosomes have genes that are rendered to be inactive. Some are active and some are not, this causes some of the cat’s hair to be yellow, some to be black, and some white.
A person with type AB blood can give blood to
A person with type AB blood can give blood to only another person with type AB blood. If it tries to give blood to someone with type A blood for example, the type A blood will recognize the B on the AB blood as being an antigen, and will thus send out antibodies to fight against the foreign invader. Although type AB blood can receive any type of blood, it can only donate to itself. This is the opposite of the O blood type, and helps teach the differences between something that is codominant versus something that is homozygous recessive.
How many different alleles are there possible for blood types
There are three different alleles are possible for blood types; IA, IB, and i. Anytime that you see superscripts or primes used it refers to codominance, so IA and IB are codominant, while i is the recessive allele.
If a coin is tossed 4 times, what is the probability that you will get at least 3 tails
If a coin is tossed 4 times, the probability that you will get at least 3 tails is 5/16. The total possible outcomes of flipping a coin 4 times is 16 (222*2). Here are the total possible combination of getting at least 3 tails: TTTT, ThTT, TThT, TTTh, and hTTT. The other combinations that you can get are: hhhh, hhhT, hhTh, hThh, Thhh, TThh, hhTT, ThTh, hThT, hTTh, and ThhT. For a further study of probability rules go through the QR videos pertaining to probability and statistics.
A pea plant that is RR for red flowers is crossed with another pea plant that is homozygous recessive for white flowers, which color(s) will be expressed in the F1 generation Pink Red White All of above
When a pea plant that is RR for red flowers is crossed with another pea plant that is homozygous recessive for white flowers, the color(s) that will be expressed in the F1 generation will all be red. The reason that they will all be red, is because when the RR crosses with rr, all of the genotypes will be Rr (heterozygous). All of the heterozygous genotypes will thus produce red flowers.
How many different gametes can be produced from AaBb
4 different gametes can be produced from AaBb. They are as follows: AB, Ab, aB, and ab.
Which of the following is not an autosomal genetic defect: Sickle-cell anemia Phenylketonuria Tay-sachs disease Turner syndrome Huntington's disease
Turner Syndrome is not an autosomal genetic defect, but rather a sex chromosome genetic defect. An autosomal chromosome refers to a non-sex chromosome. Turner syndrome involves the nondisjunction of sex chromosomes, whereas the other four genetic disorders are all autosomal.
The alleles A and A’ rather than A and a lead to the conclusion of:
The alleles A and A’ rather than A and a lead to the conclusion of incomplete dominance. When the A’ allele is said to be prime’ rather than showing recessive (a), it shows that there is incomplete dominance in the heterozygous expression. Neither trait will have full dominance in the heterozygous form, rather there will be a mixed phenotype expressed.
How many different phenotypes are available with blood
There are 4 different phenotypes that are available with blood, or more specifically 4 different blood group types. A, B, AB, and O expressed. While there are 6 different genotypes of blood, there are only 4 expressed phenotypes because the i allele is recessive.
Huntington’s Disease is
Huntington’s Disease is an Autosomal dominant genetic defect. With it being an autosomal dominant genetic defect, it is transferrable without both parents being carriers or there being another type of chromosome defect.
Color blindness is more prominent in
Color blindness is more prominent in males because it is a sex linked recessive condition. The genes pigments are located or carried on the X chromosome. Therefore in males (XY) it is more prominent than females (XX) because males only have one X sex chromosome that codes for this trait. If a male is a carrier it will be expressed 100% of the time, whereas if a female is a carrier it will compete with the other X chromosome.
A person with blood type O can receive blood from
A person with blood type O can receive blood from only another person with type O blood. The reason a person with type the type O blood type cannot receive blood from types A, B, or AB, is because it recognizes these blood types as being foreign invaders due to their carbohydrates and will produce antibodies to attack them.
When a person has a gamete with an extra #21 chromosome, this is commonly referred to as
When a person has a gamete with an extra #21 chromosome, this is commonly referred to as Down syndrome. Another name for Down syndrome to remember is Trisomy 21. Tri meaning three, somy referring to somatic cells, and 21 referencing the number 21 chromosome.
If you wanted to determine the genotype of a red flowered pea plant, which of the following would you want to perform: Test cross Polyhybrid cross F2 cross Dihybrid cross
If you wanted to determine the genotype of a red flowered pea plant, you would want to perform a test cross. With the dominant phenotype expressed (red flowers), you do not know what the genotype is. The best way to determine this is to perform a test cross and observe which phenotypes are expressed in the offspring. If you don’t get any white offspring, then you would say that it is highly likely that the red flowered plant is homozygous dominant.
Say a person has a hypothetical gene that codes for hair and another for color. When the hair gene inactivates the hair color to be expressed, this is referred to as
Say a person has a hypothetical gene that codes for hair and another for color. When the hair gene inactivates the hair color to be expressed, this is referred to as epistasis. Epistasis simply refers to the event where the results of one gene directly deals with the activation (or lack thereof) of another. If a hypothetical person has no hair, then hair color is irrelevant because its phenotype cannot be expressed.
Collectively the different blood types display all of the following with the exception of: Complete dominance Codominance Incomplete dominance Homozygous recessive None of above
Collectively the different blood types display all of the following with the exception of incomplete dominance. Complete dominance is showed in both type A and type B blood types when paired with the recessive (i) allele. Codominance is expressed in the blood type AB. Homozygous recessive is shown in blood type O (ii). There is no example of incomplete dominance in blood types.
When two people are carriers for a genetic defect that is autosomal recessive, and they subsequently have four children. How many of their children will hypothetically inherit the genetic defect
When two people are carriers for a genetic defect that is autosomal recessive, and they subsequently have four children, they will hypothetically have one of their four children inherit the genetic defect (25%).
In a genetic cross, if red flowered pea plants are crossed with white flowered pea plants. And, the first offspring produces all red flowered pea plants, what will be the F2 generation genotypic ratio
In a genetic cross, if red flowered pea plants are crossed with white flowered pea plants. And, the first offspring produces all red flowered pea plants, the F2 generation genotypic ratio will be 1:2:1. When knowing that all of the F1 generation pea plants have red flowers, it is obvious that the parental red flowered pea plant is homozygous dominant. All of the white flowered pea plants are recessive, so with these things known, all of the F1 generation pea plants are heterozygous. When the heterozygous F1 generations cross, you will get a ratio of 1 homozygous dominant, 2 heterozygous and 1 homozygous recessive plants (1:2:1 ratio).
In the dihybrid cross of AABB x aabb, how many different genotypes are expressed in the F2 progeny
In the dihybrid cross of AABB x aabb, there are four different phenotypes expressed in the F2 progeny. The first thing to determine with this question is the type of genotypes in the F1 progeny. This is done by filling out the Punnett Square. When looking at the Punnett Square for the F1 progeny, you get only one genotype (AaBb, heterozygous) which results in only one phenotype. Since all of the genotypes are heterozygous, you will then cross AaBb x AaBb. As a result, you will get the following genotypic frequencies: AABB (1), AABb (2), AaBB (2), AaBb (4)—which express both dominant phenotypes. aaBB (1) and aaBb (2)—which express the recessive first trait and dominant second trait. AAbb (1) and Aabb (2)—which express the dominant first trait and recessive second trait. Aabb—which expresses both recessive traits. So out of the 16 total combinations there are 9 different genotypes expressed with 4 different phenotypes expressed.
Mental retardation is a common symptom of all of the following except: Klinefelter syndrome Down syndrome Cri Du Chat syndrome Turner Syndrome
Mental retardation is a common symptom of all of the following except Turner Syndrome. While it is possible to have mental retardation from Turner Syndrome, it is not a common effect of it.
When a white haired dog mates with a black haired dog, their puppies have a mix of both white and black hair. This is an example of
When a white haired dog mates with a black haired dog, their puppies have a mix of both white and black hair. This is an example of codominance. Codominance simply means that both traits are dominant and expressed. Instead of having grey hair (incomplete dominance), and one having black hair only (complete dominance), both are expressed (codominance).
What genotype is not produced from the cross of Aa by Aa: aA AA Aa aa
When there is a heterozygous crossed with a heterozygous, you will end up with all of the different traits in the offspring. This question is sort of tricky because although you will see the heterozygous genotype, it is incorrect to put the recessive trait before the dominant. That is why it is proper to write Aa and not aA.
The law of segregation: Occurs during Mitosis. Is a law that was discovered by Netwon. Refers to the nonrandom segregation of alleles to offspring. None of above. All of above.
The law of segregation is a law that was discovered by Gregory Mendel while using pea plants. This law refers to the “random” segregation of alleles to offspring and occurs during Meiosis I. Make sure that you understand the difference between the law of segregation and the law of independent assortment.
If a pea plant’s dominant phenotype is red flowers, and its recessive phenotype is white flowers, and you observe a red flowered pea plant, what are the possible genotype of this red flowered pea plant
Since the red flowered pea plant is the dominant phenotype, there are two possible genotypes that can produce it: Homozygous Dominant and heterozygous. If we flip the questions and ask about the white plant, there is only one genotype that can produce the white flowered pea plant, homozygous recessive.
