Biology Destroyer part 2 Flashcards
cholesterol is the precursor to
steroid hormones such as cortisone, cortisol, progesterone, estrogen, testosterone, and aldosterone
epinephrine and thyroxin are ? derived
amino acid
ferns:
- are vascular plants with large, feathery leaves
- have large leaves with many veins
- sori develops on the lower surface of the leaf
sori
clusters of sporangia
fern sports develop on the
sporophyte in sporangia
reverse transcriptase is found in
retroviruses
small uncharged polar molecules and lipids can readily move through a
selectively permeable membrane
fungi contain the polymer
chitin
most digestion occurs in the
small intestine
the developing embryo will most likely attach to the
endometriu,
mitosis makes up about ? % of the cell cycle
10%
Photosynthesis:
- CO2 is the carbon source in sugar produced
- the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur in the thylakoid membrane
- the source of O2 produced is the H2O that is split during the light reaction
- the product of the dark reaction of photosynthesis is glucose (sugar)
.
an organism belonging to a ? species will be distinctly male or female.
dioecious; examples are mammals and most reptiles
the greatest specie diversity is seen in the
tropical forest
what is the major form of carbon in the atmosphere
carbon dioxide
secondary succession will occur to an area
that once had life, such as in the case of a forest fire
bacteria illustrate an R-selected population.
.
R-selected population
we see rapid growth, numerous offspring, fast maturation, and very little postnatal care is needed.
Humans illustrate a K-selected population
.
K-selected population
is one in which the members have low reproductive rates and are roughly constant in size
a study revealed that the haploid stage of a life cycle dominated. which organism is most likely being depicted:
a fungi
agonistic behavior
can result if two animals conflict over a mate or food source
xylem will transport
water and minerals from the soil throughout a plant
the casparian strip is a
waxy band in plants that aid in water control
the main solute transported by the phloem is
sucrose
glycogen is a branched polymer of
glucose
glycogen represents a stored energy called ? and is found in
called “potential energy” and is found in skeletal muscle and liver
starch and glycogen are polymers of
alpha glucose
glycogen can be stored
intracellularly
the B-pleated sheet represents a
secondary structure held together by hydrogen bonds
the alpha helix is held together by
hydrogen bonds
myoglobin has a single chain.
.
hemoglobin contains a
quarternary structure
most CO2 in the body is transported in the blood as:
HCO3-, the bicarbonate ion.
in the glomerular filtrate, which molecule should be completely reabsorbed? where does reabsorption take place
glucose; proximal convoluted tubule
which organelle is present in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes?
ribosomes
action potentials cause the release of
neurotransmitters into the synapse
at rest, [K+] inside (</>) [K+]outside
[K+]inside > [K+]outside
few Na+ ions enter a cell under
resting conditions
a neurotransmitter is removed from the synapse either by
enzyme degradation, re-uptake or simple diffusion
nerve gases are inhibitors of
acetylcholinesterase, and cause death by respiratory paralysis
Tay-Sachs disease:
- a critical lysosomal enzyme is absent
- brain cells develop a lipid buildup
- it is an autosomal recessive disorder
- it is fatal in the first five years of human life
blood pressure =
cardiac output x peripheral vascular resistance
as the radius of a blood vessel decreases,
velocity and blood pressure incerase
as cardiac output increases, blood pressure
increases
increasing stroke volume increases
blood pressure
blood pressure is indirectly related to vessel radius to the fourth power. BP =
BP= cardiac output/R^4
blood pressure is directly related to cardiac output, as well as PVR and stroke volume.
.
smooth muscle:
- found in the aorta, pulmonary artery, esophagus, and bladder
- is mononucleated
- involuntary muscle that is slow to contract
- respond to stimulation with action potentials
.
the food and air passages cross where:
pharynx
hydrogen peroxide (H2O2):
- catalase can convert hydrogen peroxide to H2O2 and O2 since it is toxic to cells
- it can be an oxidant (oxidizing agent) such as that found in toothpaste
- peroxisomes are membranous vesicles that contain enzymes to break down H2O2
.
which buffer system works primarily in the intracellular fluids?
phosphate buffer; H2PO4- and HPO4– act as the acid and base respectively. phosphate is an abundant anion in cells and will act as the major intracellular buffer. the pH of the extracellular fluid is maintained by the bicarbonate buffer i.e. HCO3-/H2CO3 system
sequence for inspired air:
nasal cavity->trachea->bronchus->bronchiole->alveoli
the main function of the large intestine is the
resorption of water, sodium, and other minerals
the large intestine harbors bacteria which are the main source of vitamin ? production
vitamin K
the bulk of feces consists of
bacteria, cellulose fibers, and other indigestible substances
glucose and other sugars are absorbed into the blood from the intestinal tract and reach the liver via the
portal vein
consider the following experiment involving Xenopus tadpoles: the tadpole nucleus was inserted into an enucleated egg from a frog that was fertilized. in some cases, the result was several normal tadpoles. what concept does this illustrate?
cell differentiation
a sperm cell is unable to fertilize oocytes upon immediate ejaculation, which process must occur first?
capacitation
malphigian tubules are the excretory organ of
insects
aquatic animals such as bony fish excrete
ammonia because it is easily eliminated in water
birds,insects, and reptiles excrete
uric acid
cells of the proximal convoluted tubule have a huge abundance of
mitochondria
which protein is associated with a flagellum
dynein “motor protein”; also aids in chromosomal movement
flagella and cilia have (? + ?) arrangement of microtubules
9+2
dynein “arms” are attached to the microtubules and serve as molecular
motors
the cytoskeleton is contained within the
cytosol
what are the primary types of fibers comprising the cytoskeleton
microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments
the cytoskeleton is
a network of protein fibers that gives shape to a cell, protects the cell by maintaining structural integrity, and is involved in cellular movements such as contraction and gliding.
intermediate fibers are made of
keratin
microtubules are built by
tubulin
microfilaments are built by
actin
cilia would be most affected by a drug that causes destruction of:
microtubules
if a sample of organismal DNA contains 14% thymine, what percentage of cytosine does it contain?
%A=%T and %C=%G/ therefore 14%T=14%A…adds up to 28. 100-28=72%…72%/2=36%…therefore 36% of cystosine
during gastrulation, the three primary germ layers are formed:
ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
acid hydrolases are contained in which cellular organelle
lysosome
skin:
- the epidermis has no blood supply
- the stratum corneum is the surface layer which varies considerably in thickness
- the stratum granulosum is that layer containing granules which can easily stain
- the stratum germinativum contains dividing cells
.
determinate cleavage is a characteristic of
protosomes (mollusk, annelids, and arthropods)
protostomes include
mollusks, annelids, and arthropods
fluid mosaic model for cell membranes:
- membrane proteins are embedded in the lipid bilayer
- both proteins and lipids are free to move laterally in the plane of the bilayer
- movement of proteins and lipids is restricted if movement occurs from one face of the bilayer to the other
- carbohydrate moieties attached to either lipids or proteins are exposed to extracellular face of the membrane.
.
crossing over occurs in
prophase I of meiosis
trisomy 21 is also called
down syndrome and is due to non-disjunction
the first meiotic division of an egg cell produces one large cell and one small cell; the smaller cell forming a polar body.
.
the father apart the genes are the, greater the probability of
crossing over
a genetic map involved using
crossover frequencies
the theory or acquired characteristics is associated with:
Lamark
Larmarkian theory
proposed that characteristics acquired by one generation can be inherited by the next. although it is now clear that the theory is FLASE.
enzymes:
- a competitive inhibitor resembles the substrate and competes for the active site
- the active site may contain non-protein constituents which are needed for catalytic efficiency
- in non-competitive inhibition, the inhibitor binds to a site other than the active site
- addition of more substrate can overcome a competitive inhibitor
.
inorganic molecules such as ? and ? were constituents believed to comprise the atmosphere the earliest on earth
NH3 and H2O
most scientists believe that RNA was utilized as the genetic information before
DNA developed
the first cellular organisms were likely
anaerobic heterotrophs
protobionts preceded living cells and were able to maintain an internal environment different from that of their surroundings.
.
desmosomes
attach cells together and give cells mechanical strength, and are abundant in cells such as skin
tight junctions
seal the spaces between cells and prevent cell leakage
intestinal cells
are surrounded by tight junctions that prevent any intestinal content to seep out.
gap junction
will allow cells to exchange nutrients and for “molecular communication”
Down syndrome:
- it may originate through nondisjunction of chromosome 21
- failure of paired homologous to disjoin during Anaphase I or II could result in down syndrome
- it is an autosomal disorder which occurs equally in both sexes.
.
keratin:
- keratins are a family of fibrous proteins
- keratin is found in mammals, reptiles, bird, and amphibians
- claws, horns, hooves and nails of animals contain keratin
- the epidermis is almost waterproof because of its keratin matrix
.
autosomal recessive disorder:
- heterozygotes generally show no symptoms
- when both parents are heterozygous, 50% of the children will be heterozygous
- sickle cell anemia, PKU disease, and galactosemia are examples of autosomal recessive disorders
- sons and daughter are equally likely to inherit a particular autosomal allele
.
which structure allows spindle microtubules to become attached
kinetochore
consider the following ancestral vertebrates: bony fish, jawless fish, mammals, reptiles, birds, and amphibians. arrange them in correct chronological order from oldest to most recent.
jawless fish, bony fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals.
TIP:begin with jawless fish, bony fish. and then say “A Real Bad Man”
an animal-like protist that uses pseudopodia to move and feed is
amoeba
euglena uses a
flagellum
the paramecium uses its
cilia
surfactant reduces surface tension and allows the fetus to breathe easier.
.
surfactants are substances present in the alveoli of the lungs.
.
without adequate quantities of surfactant, an infant would have difficultly breathing.
.
fertilization occurs in the
fallopian tube
little, if any increase in size occurs during gastrulation.
.
a morula of about 32 cells can be seen in the fallopian tube.
.
implantation of the blastocyst occurs with the
endometrial lining the uterus.
around the sixth day, the blastocyst begins to attach to the endometrium of the uterus. About 24 hours after fertilization in the fallopian tube, the zygote undergoes mitosis, giving rise to two daughter cells. These cells in turn divide into 4 cells, then 8, then 16, and so forth. With each subsequent division, the cells become smaller and smaller. This is called cleavage. After about 3 days, a solid ball of about 32 cells form; it is called a morula. The embryo does not grow during cleavage. The morula cells continue to divide for 4 days to form a blastocyst that implants in the uterus. This implantation in the uterus (endometrium) occurs about day 6.
.
the light energy form the sum is the ultimate source of energy for the vast majority of organisms on planet earth. This energy is harvested and converted into various forms. Which law of thermodynamics is illustrated?
first law of thermodynamics
which structure is found between heart muscle cells?
intercalated disks
ATP synthase is associated with which of the following? ribosomes chloroplasts mitochondria golgi body
chloroplasts and mitochondria
the more highly specialized a tissue is, the less will be its capacity for regeneration.
.
cartilage arises from
mesenchyme
cartilage can be found in the
trachea, external ear, larynx, and external auditory canal
cartilage is an avascular form of
connective tissue
A gastrula was exposed briefly to a weak penetrating beam of alpha particles. which tissue would be most affected as development proceeded?
only the outermost gastrula layer would be damaged since a weak beam of alpha particles was used. the outermost layer is called the ectoderm. nervous system tissue is derived from this layer and would most likely be affected to the greatest extent.
birds:
- are warm-blooded and have a 4 chambered heart
- classified in class Aves
- the penguin and ostrich are birds that cannot fly
.
what is the fate of lactic acid produced in muscles?
it enter the Cori cycle
the blood transports lactate to the
liver
Cori cycle allows the conversion of
lactate back into glucose, which can be carried back to the muscles via the blood.
the glyoxylate cycle occurs in
plants and bacteria
B-oxidation of fatty acids occur in the
matrix of the mitochondria
fatty acid oxidation results in the
formation of Acetyl CoA
fatty acid synthesis occurs in the
cytosol
protein molecules may be modified by addition of sulfate, carbohydrate, or lipid groups to the side chains of certain amino acids. which cellular organelles best describes this primary modification site?
Golgi complex
