Cellular Division Flashcards
Which of the following structures produce spores in plant meiosis? Sporangia Spores Zygotes Sporophyte
Sporangia
Plant cells contain centrosomes that are very similar to the ones found in animal cells, with the exception of \_\_\_\_\_ they lack chromosomes they lack cytokinesis they lack chromatin they lack centrioles
they lack centrioles
If 8 cells were to undergo mitosis, how many daughter cells would result
16
[In regards to mitosis, mitosis generates two cells from each parent. With Meiosis, meiosis generates four cells from each parent (with each containing half of the genetic material as the parent.)
The action of fusing together of an egg and a sperm is referred to as: fertilization syngamy zygote two of the choices above
fertilization & syngamy
Looking at a dividing cell, you notice that chromosomes are being pulled apart into two separate chromatids from the metaphase plate, what phase just came to an end metaphase anaphase prophase telophase
metaphase
[Metaphase ends once the chromosomes are pulled apart and begins when they are lined up at the metaphase plate.]
What is the name of the locations where crossing over occurs at Bivalents Chiasmata Kinetochores Tetrads Metaphase Plates
Chiasmata
[this is the location where genetic material is exchanged between chromatids.]
Another name for Microtubule Organizing Centers in animals is Chromatids Chromatin Centrosomes Centrioles Chromosomes
Centrosomes
[Microtubules are produced within the centrosomes.]
During meiosis, cytokinesis occurs during ____
Cytokinesis caries among species and can occur at different phases respectively.
Telophase I
Telophase II
Following Meiosis II
Cytokinesis caries among species and can occur at different phases respectively.
If a cancer drug was to inhibit mitosis, which phase would it primarily be targeting in regards to inhibition Anaphase Prophase Metaphase Telophase
Metaphase
[The reason why it would be seeking to stop this phase, is because it would want to stop pulling apart of chromosomes, which is where chromosomes are first separated at. Cancer drugs do this by disrupting the ability of microtubules in separating chromosomes at the metaphase plate.]
Which of the following is the same in both Mitosis and Meiosis
The phases that each one goes through.
The roles of the products.
The number of chromosomes present in daughter cells.
The condensing of chromatin into chromosomes.
All of the above are the same in both Mitosis and Meiosis.
The condensing of chromatin into chromosomes
Are all sperm cells equally competitive in the process of reproduction?
No, some contain a genetic composition that gives them a competitive advantage.
Yes, there is a random joining of gametes.
No, there is a random joining of gametes.
Yes, all sperm cells are in fact equally competitive because they are genetically identical.
No, some contain a genetic composition that gives them a competitive advantage.
[While there certainly is a random joining of gametes, it cannot be stated that they are all equally competitive because they are not all of the same genetic composition. Some might have adaptations that make them faster swimmers than others for example.]
If 5 cells were to undergo meiosis, how many daughter cells would result.
20
During which phase do chromosomes begin moving to opposite poles?
Anaphase
During Anaphase, what moves the chromosomes apart, separating them to opposite poles
microtubules
[The microtubules (connected to the chromosomes) pull them to opposite poles jsut before telophase occurs and the two cells are afterwards formed.]
The nuclear envelope of a cell is broken down during the mitotic phase of _____, while a nuclear envelope is formed during the mitotic phase of _____
Prophase, Telophase
[In prophase the nuclear envelope is broken down, whereas in telophase new nuclear envelopes are formed for the copied cells.]
After a cell goes through mitosis, each chromosome will have ___ the amount of chromatids.
1/2
[Remember that while a chromosome might start mitosis with two copies of each chromosome, mitosis is a reduction division which while producing copies of each chromosome; they have half the number of chromatids. The chromatids are not copied until interphase.]
Which of the following is the most comparable to mitosis: Prophase I Metaphase I Meiosis II Metaphase II Meiosis I
Meiosis II
[The major distinction to understand is that Meiosis I, you have the pairing up of chromosomes at the metaphase plate, whereas in Meiosis II you have the lining up and pulling apart of chromosomes at the metaphase plate.]
When microfilaments shorten during telophase, two daughter cells being being formed and a groove between the two cells is formed, this groove is called
cleavage furrow
A cell is divided by Mitosis, one would expect the copied cell to have___ of the amount of genetic material that the parent cell contains
100%
Mitosis is referred to as a replication division.
Which phase or period of the cell cycle is non-dividing
Interphase
Gamete cells of humans have__ chromosomes
46
A cell will seek division because
S/V ratio is low and because its genome to volume ratio is low
[When the S/V ratio is low, then it becomes difficult for a cell to have efficient cellular exchange because of the large requirements of the volume. In a much similar fashion, when the genome to volume ratio is too low, there is not enough genetic material to keep up with the high demands of regulation in the cell. These are two common reasons as to why cells divide.]
Which mitotic phase begins after the chromosomes are pulled apart into chromatids and located at separate poles
Anaphase
Nuclear Division involves the division of: DNA The cytosol The cytoplasm Cytochromes
DNA
A cell is divided by Meiosis, one would expect the copied cell to have ___ of the amount of genetic material that the parent cell contains
50%
Which mitotic phase begins after the chromosomes are pulled apart into chromatids and located at separate poles
Anaphase
A cell is divided by Meiosis, one would expect the copied cell to have ___ of the amount of genetic material that the parent cell contains
50%
Meiosis is commonly referred to as reduction division.
In mitosis, chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate and are pulled apart, whereas in meiosis I, chromosomes ___ at the metaphase plate and move to poles that are opposite of each other.
pair up.
With meiosis, chromosomes pair up because they must be separated and not divided to make sex cells. This is a key difference to understand in the difference between mitosis and meiosis. One is making copies, the other is making sex cells. The processes are however very similar to each other.
A cleavage furrow is seen to develop during which of mitotic phase
Telophase.
As the microfilaments get shorter and shorter, they function effectively to divide the cells into two. The cleavage furrow is the groove that forms as a result of the two cells being pulled apart.
What is the major difference between Anaphase II and Anaphase in Mitosis
the difference is the number of chromosomes present in relation to the parent cell. In Anaphase II, you have half the number of chromosomes present in relation to the parent cell whereas in Mitosis you have the full number available.
In animal cells cleavage furrows form, giving rise to each plasma membrane. In plant cells, a ____ forms, giving rise to each plasma membrane.
cell plate
The pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis is specially referred to as ____.
synapsis.
Another term to remember is tetrads, which is what the actual pairs are themselves referred to as. The pairing up is synapsis, the pairs themselves are tetrads.
Looking at genetic material, you notice that there are 23 homologous pairs of chromosomes, how many chromatids are present
92.
If there are 23 homologous pairs of chromosomes, then there would be 46 chromosomes present and thus a total of 92 chromatids. When you have homologous pairs of chromosomes, this means that one is from the mother while the other is from the father for each pair.
When daughter cells are formed during mitosis and cytokinesis, the daughter cells
contain the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
After mitosis, it is important to remember that the cells will not be exactly the same, as each chromosome only has one chromatid, but after cytokinesis the chromatid is replicated and the cells are identical with respect to the original cell.
Sister chromatids are joined at which of the following: Centriole Kinetochore Metaphase Plate Centromere Cytokinesis
Centromere.
The DNA material of a chromosome that is condensed is lined up in two strand-like shapes and is joined at the center of the chromosome with is called the centromere, making a shape that looks similar to a capital H.
Which of the following actions occur during prophase?
i. Nucleus disappears
ii. Chromatin is condensed into chromosomes
iii. Nuclear envelope is broken down
iv. Spindle is assemble
ALL OCCUR
Cytokinesis involves the division of \_\_\_. The cytoplasm The cytosol DNA Cytochromes
the cytoplasm.
Whereas nuclear division involves the division of DNA or genetic information/material.
What action marks out the beginning of metaphase:
The development of a nuclear envelope.
Chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate.
The mitotic spindle comes together.
The division of the cell in half.
Chromosomes are separated.
Chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate.
When the chromosomes are pulled apart into chromatids marks the end of the metaphase phase.
