Genetics Flashcards
1
Q
what is the ultimate goal of the study of genetics?
A
genetic improvement
2
Q
what is the effect of genetic manipulation on dairy cows?
A
35% more milk with 65% fewer cows
3
Q
what is the effect of genetic manipulation on swine?
A
improved feed efficiency
4
Q
what is the effect of genetic manipulation on sheep?
A
4x more wool production
5
Q
what is the effect of genetic manipulation on egg production?
A
from 15 eggs/yr with jungle fowl to 250 eggs/yr with white leghorns
6
Q
what is the effect of genetic manipulation on broilers?
A
went from 12 wks to 56 days to mature
7
Q
what is the effect of genetic manipulation on turkey?
A
AI is now required for reproduction due to selection for breast meat (white v. dark)
8
Q
what is the effect of genetic manipulation on beef cows?
A
little change in production overall
9
Q
what is the effect of genetic manipulation on horses?
A
no change in speed index in last 40 yrs, but through selection, genetic diseases are more prevalent
10
Q
what is the effect of genetic manipulation on dogs and cats?
A
genetically tortured, very specific selection = lots of disorders and physiological problems
11
Q
what is the equation for genetic phenotype?
A
P = G + E, phenotype = geneotype + environment
12
Q
what three things control genotype?
A
genes, DNA, chromosomes
13
Q
define gene
A
a DNA sequence on the chromosome that codes for a biologically important molecule
14
Q
what does DNA stand for?
A
deoxyribose nucleic acid
15
Q
define chromosome
A
one of a number of long stands of DNA and associated proteins present in the nucleus of every cell
16
Q
how is gene expression determined in animals?
A
Mendelian genetics; dominant and recessive genes
17
Q
AA equals?
A
A
18
Q
Aa equals?
A
A
19
Q
aa equals?
A
a
20
Q
what is incomplete dominance? give an example
A
a mix of both dominant and recessive genes; shorthorn cattle roan coat color
21
Q
what is the importance and heterozygous and homozygous?
A
both genes have a 50/50 shot of being passed on
22
Q
what are the types of traits?
A
qualitative, simply inherited, and quantitative, polygenic
23
Q
define qualitative traits
A
discrete classes, yes/no, black/red
24
Q
define simply inherited traits, give an example
A
few genes control trait color
25
define quaNtitative traits, give examples
expression over a range, numbers; weight, height
26
define polygenic traits, give examples
many genes control trait; weight speed
27
which traits are easier to modify? give examples
qualitative/simply inherited; eye color, hair/coat color
28
which traits are more economically important? give examples
quantitative/polygenic; speed, weight, height, wool production, litter size, muscle, milk production, fertility, disease
29
what are the exceptions to the trait classifications?
pregnancy and dystocia, it's a yes/no question that is determined by many factors
30
what are the two selection types for genetic change?
natural selection and artificial selection
31
define natural selection
environmental influence
32
describe artificial selection
human influence
33
does natural selection still exist?
yes, but it's limited
34
what type of selection do mating systems fall under, and how many are there?
2, artificial selection
35
what are the two mating systems?
inbreeding and outbreeding
36
what is inbreeding?
mating individuals within a breed who are more related than average of population
37
what is linebreeding?
a type of inbreeding that involves concentrating the genes of a particular ancestor
38
what is outbreeding?
mating individuals within a breed who are less related than average population
39
what are some other names/types of outbreeding?
outcrossing, cross breeding
40
what is the basis for all breeds of domestic animals?
inbreeding
41
does inbreeding increase or cause genetic mutations?
no, it just increases expression of recessive genes and traits that are present, increases homozygosity
42
how did we get domestic animals from wild animals?
inbreeding
43
what two common domesticated animal groups often use outbreeding?
pets and livestock
44
what is heterosis?
offspring perform better than the average of the parents, and increase in performance over the purebred parents
45
what is complimentarity?
improvement in the performance of the crossbred offspring resulting from mating individuals with different but complimentary traits
46
where are heterosis and complimentarity used extensively?
meat producing animals, like beef, swine, meat sheep/goats
47
why is heterosis and complimentarity used extensively in meat producing animals?
enhances production and favorable (or not detrimental) influence on other traits
48
where is heterosis and complimentarity (outbreeding) also used and why?
pets, like dogs and cats; it's often not economically beneficial, doesn't enhance reproduction, and often has less desirable influences on other traits but MAN are they cute
49
what do you get when you cross a Hereford (Bos taurus) and an Angus (Bos taurus)?
a Black Baldy, with heterosis of increasedp reproduction, weaning weight, and survivability, but no complimentarity because they are too closely related
50
what do you get when you cross an Angus (Bos taurus) and a Brahman (Bos indicus)?
a Brahman, with heterosis of increased reproduction, weaning weight , and survivability, and complimentarity of heat tolerance and parasite resistance
51
what do you get when you cross a horse and a donkey?
a mule, which is a chimera with no genetic fitness, so it's unable to reproduce
52
what is genetic fitness?
ability to pass on genes and reproduce
53
what do you get when you cross a bison and cattle?
Beefalo! which must be 3/8 or less Bison to reproduce
54
what do you get when you cross a lion and a tiger?
a Liger, which can't reproduce
55
what do you get when you cross a tiger and a lion?
a Tigon, which can't reproduce
56
what is simple genetic manipulation
selection, or determining the parents of the next generation
57
what are the four genetic selection techniques?
natural mating, artificial insemination, embryo transfer, and embryo splitting
58
what is the potential and rate of genetic change for natural mating?
slow and slow
59
what is the potential and rate of genetic change for artificial insemination?
potential: moderate
rate: fast
60
what is the potential and rate of genetic change for embryo transfer?
potential: high
rate: slow
61
what is the potential and rate of genetic change for embryo splitting?
potential: high
rate: slow
62
in what animals is artificial insemination used a lot?
turkeys, dairy cows, and swine
63
in what animals is artificial insemination used less?
chickens, horses, beef cows, sheep, goats
64
how does the success rate of embryo transfer compare to that of artificial insemination?
it has a lower success rate
65
in what animals is embryo transfer used?
dairy cows, beef cows, horses
66
how do you collect embryos for transfer?
give drugs to two cows to synchronize their cycles, super ovulate the donor by giving her FSH, give an epidural, fertilize the eggs, and pump in solution to flush eggs out
67
how do you transplant embryos?
just like AI, but you have to pay attention to which side the recipient last ovulated on for her corpus luteum, then deposit the embryos 2/3 up the uterine horns on the side with the CL
68
what does embryo splitting do?
creates twins
69
can you split an embryo an unlimited number of times?
no, the embryo's genetic info is limited
70
how do you make a triploidy?
prevent the 2nd mitotic division in the ovum, and then fertilize with normal sperm
71
what is the equation for triploidy?
1n + 2n = 3n
72
can triploidy reproduce?
no, they have no genetic fitness
73
what is the advantage of triploidy?
rapid/prolonged/continued growth
74
what is cloning?
the reproduction of a new animal from an existing animal
75
what was the first animal to be cloned?
frogs
76
what was the second animal to be cloned, what was her name, and how many tries did it take?
sheep, Dolly, 277
77
what company clones your pet?
ViaGen, for 50K
78
what is the modern day Jurassic Park scenario?
scientist trying to resurrect or breed back to aurochs
79
what is transgenic?
taking genes from one species and inserting them into another species
80
give an example of transgenic research in plants?
inserting the Luciferase gene from fireflies into tobacco plants to make them glow
81
what is an example of transgenic research with cats and monkeys?
inserting the macaque gene from monkeys, which is thought to protect against FIV, into a cat embryo, along with a bioluminescent jellyfish gene as an observable phenotype to gauge success
82
what is an example of transgenic research with goats?
removal of the human antithrombin (anticoagulant and anti-inflammatory) gene from humans, putting it into goat embryos, creating clones with the gene, letting them multiply by natural breeding, and then collecting the milk they produce (which carries the antithrombin gene) and making it into a pill for deficient humans to take
83
give an example of transgenic research that may hit the food market soon?
triploidy transgenic salmon; Atlantic Salmon with genes from Chinook Salmon and Ocean Pout that grow really big really fast
84
what is CRISPR and give an example of an animal made through this process?
precise genome editing, PRRS resistant pigs
85
what does DNA fingerprinting determine?
1. genetic carriers (or not) of diseases
2. identify individuals: pedigree verification, theft recovery
3. predict heterosis: less related individuals will express greater hybrid vigor in offpring
86
what is epigenetics?
genes turned on or off as a result of environment effects
87
give an example of epigenetics in animals?
bees are genetic clones of the queen, but the environmental factor of eating royal jelly or worker jelly determines if they'll be a worker bee or a queen bee
88
give a example of epigenetics in humans?
air pollution turns on asthma gene
89
what are the benefits of genetic engineering in food production and the environment?
1. decreased pesticide/herbicide/fertilizer usage
2. increased yields and productivity
3. increased flavor and longevity
4. increased nutrient content
90
what are the benefits of genetic engineering in the medical field?
1. increased availability of drugs
2. decreased cost of medical supplies and hospital visits
3. custom transplant organs
4. other benefits not yet know, being explored
91
what are the risks and concerns of genetic engineering?
1. genetically engineered organisms being released into general population
2. long term effect on humans
3. decrease in biodiversity
4. unethical/unlawful use of technology
