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Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the ultimate goal of the study of genetics?

A

genetic improvement

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2
Q

what is the effect of genetic manipulation on dairy cows?

A

35% more milk with 65% fewer cows

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3
Q

what is the effect of genetic manipulation on swine?

A

improved feed efficiency

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4
Q

what is the effect of genetic manipulation on sheep?

A

4x more wool production

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5
Q

what is the effect of genetic manipulation on egg production?

A

from 15 eggs/yr with jungle fowl to 250 eggs/yr with white leghorns

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6
Q

what is the effect of genetic manipulation on broilers?

A

went from 12 wks to 56 days to mature

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7
Q

what is the effect of genetic manipulation on turkey?

A

AI is now required for reproduction due to selection for breast meat (white v. dark)

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8
Q

what is the effect of genetic manipulation on beef cows?

A

little change in production overall

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9
Q

what is the effect of genetic manipulation on horses?

A

no change in speed index in last 40 yrs, but through selection, genetic diseases are more prevalent

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10
Q

what is the effect of genetic manipulation on dogs and cats?

A

genetically tortured, very specific selection = lots of disorders and physiological problems

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11
Q

what is the equation for genetic phenotype?

A

P = G + E, phenotype = geneotype + environment

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12
Q

what three things control genotype?

A

genes, DNA, chromosomes

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13
Q

define gene

A

a DNA sequence on the chromosome that codes for a biologically important molecule

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14
Q

what does DNA stand for?

A

deoxyribose nucleic acid

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15
Q

define chromosome

A

one of a number of long stands of DNA and associated proteins present in the nucleus of every cell

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16
Q

how is gene expression determined in animals?

A

Mendelian genetics; dominant and recessive genes

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17
Q

AA equals?

A

A

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18
Q

Aa equals?

A

A

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19
Q

aa equals?

A

a

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20
Q

what is incomplete dominance? give an example

A

a mix of both dominant and recessive genes; shorthorn cattle roan coat color

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21
Q

what is the importance and heterozygous and homozygous?

A

both genes have a 50/50 shot of being passed on

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22
Q

what are the types of traits?

A

qualitative, simply inherited, and quantitative, polygenic

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23
Q

define qualitative traits

A

discrete classes, yes/no, black/red

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24
Q

define simply inherited traits, give an example

A

few genes control trait color

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25
Q

define quaNtitative traits, give examples

A

expression over a range, numbers; weight, height

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26
Q

define polygenic traits, give examples

A

many genes control trait; weight speed

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27
Q

which traits are easier to modify? give examples

A

qualitative/simply inherited; eye color, hair/coat color

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28
Q

which traits are more economically important? give examples

A

quantitative/polygenic; speed, weight, height, wool production, litter size, muscle, milk production, fertility, disease

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29
Q

what are the exceptions to the trait classifications?

A

pregnancy and dystocia, it’s a yes/no question that is determined by many factors

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30
Q

what are the two selection types for genetic change?

A

natural selection and artificial selection

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31
Q

define natural selection

A

environmental influence

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32
Q

describe artificial selection

A

human influence

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33
Q

does natural selection still exist?

A

yes, but it’s limited

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34
Q

what type of selection do mating systems fall under, and how many are there?

A

2, artificial selection

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35
Q

what are the two mating systems?

A

inbreeding and outbreeding

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36
Q

what is inbreeding?

A

mating individuals within a breed who are more related than average of population

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37
Q

what is linebreeding?

A

a type of inbreeding that involves concentrating the genes of a particular ancestor

38
Q

what is outbreeding?

A

mating individuals within a breed who are less related than average population

39
Q

what are some other names/types of outbreeding?

A

outcrossing, cross breeding

40
Q

what is the basis for all breeds of domestic animals?

A

inbreeding

41
Q

does inbreeding increase or cause genetic mutations?

A

no, it just increases expression of recessive genes and traits that are present, increases homozygosity

42
Q

how did we get domestic animals from wild animals?

A

inbreeding

43
Q

what two common domesticated animal groups often use outbreeding?

A

pets and livestock

44
Q

what is heterosis?

A

offspring perform better than the average of the parents, and increase in performance over the purebred parents

45
Q

what is complimentarity?

A

improvement in the performance of the crossbred offspring resulting from mating individuals with different but complimentary traits

46
Q

where are heterosis and complimentarity used extensively?

A

meat producing animals, like beef, swine, meat sheep/goats

47
Q

why is heterosis and complimentarity used extensively in meat producing animals?

A

enhances production and favorable (or not detrimental) influence on other traits

48
Q

where is heterosis and complimentarity (outbreeding) also used and why?

A

pets, like dogs and cats; it’s often not economically beneficial, doesn’t enhance reproduction, and often has less desirable influences on other traits but MAN are they cute

49
Q

what do you get when you cross a Hereford (Bos taurus) and an Angus (Bos taurus)?

A

a Black Baldy, with heterosis of increasedp reproduction, weaning weight, and survivability, but no complimentarity because they are too closely related

50
Q

what do you get when you cross an Angus (Bos taurus) and a Brahman (Bos indicus)?

A

a Brahman, with heterosis of increased reproduction, weaning weight , and survivability, and complimentarity of heat tolerance and parasite resistance

51
Q

what do you get when you cross a horse and a donkey?

A

a mule, which is a chimera with no genetic fitness, so it’s unable to reproduce

52
Q

what is genetic fitness?

A

ability to pass on genes and reproduce

53
Q

what do you get when you cross a bison and cattle?

A

Beefalo! which must be 3/8 or less Bison to reproduce

54
Q

what do you get when you cross a lion and a tiger?

A

a Liger, which can’t reproduce

55
Q

what do you get when you cross a tiger and a lion?

A

a Tigon, which can’t reproduce

56
Q

what is simple genetic manipulation

A

selection, or determining the parents of the next generation

57
Q

what are the four genetic selection techniques?

A

natural mating, artificial insemination, embryo transfer, and embryo splitting

58
Q

what is the potential and rate of genetic change for natural mating?

A

slow and slow

59
Q

what is the potential and rate of genetic change for artificial insemination?

A

potential: moderate
rate: fast

60
Q

what is the potential and rate of genetic change for embryo transfer?

A

potential: high
rate: slow

61
Q

what is the potential and rate of genetic change for embryo splitting?

A

potential: high
rate: slow

62
Q

in what animals is artificial insemination used a lot?

A

turkeys, dairy cows, and swine

63
Q

in what animals is artificial insemination used less?

A

chickens, horses, beef cows, sheep, goats

64
Q

how does the success rate of embryo transfer compare to that of artificial insemination?

A

it has a lower success rate

65
Q

in what animals is embryo transfer used?

A

dairy cows, beef cows, horses

66
Q

how do you collect embryos for transfer?

A

give drugs to two cows to synchronize their cycles, super ovulate the donor by giving her FSH, give an epidural, fertilize the eggs, and pump in solution to flush eggs out

67
Q

how do you transplant embryos?

A

just like AI, but you have to pay attention to which side the recipient last ovulated on for her corpus luteum, then deposit the embryos 2/3 up the uterine horns on the side with the CL

68
Q

what does embryo splitting do?

A

creates twins

69
Q

can you split an embryo an unlimited number of times?

A

no, the embryo’s genetic info is limited

70
Q

how do you make a triploidy?

A

prevent the 2nd mitotic division in the ovum, and then fertilize with normal sperm

71
Q

what is the equation for triploidy?

A

1n + 2n = 3n

72
Q

can triploidy reproduce?

A

no, they have no genetic fitness

73
Q

what is the advantage of triploidy?

A

rapid/prolonged/continued growth

74
Q

what is cloning?

A

the reproduction of a new animal from an existing animal

75
Q

what was the first animal to be cloned?

A

frogs

76
Q

what was the second animal to be cloned, what was her name, and how many tries did it take?

A

sheep, Dolly, 277

77
Q

what company clones your pet?

A

ViaGen, for 50K

78
Q

what is the modern day Jurassic Park scenario?

A

scientist trying to resurrect or breed back to aurochs

79
Q

what is transgenic?

A

taking genes from one species and inserting them into another species

80
Q

give an example of transgenic research in plants?

A

inserting the Luciferase gene from fireflies into tobacco plants to make them glow

81
Q

what is an example of transgenic research with cats and monkeys?

A

inserting the macaque gene from monkeys, which is thought to protect against FIV, into a cat embryo, along with a bioluminescent jellyfish gene as an observable phenotype to gauge success

82
Q

what is an example of transgenic research with goats?

A

removal of the human antithrombin (anticoagulant and anti-inflammatory) gene from humans, putting it into goat embryos, creating clones with the gene, letting them multiply by natural breeding, and then collecting the milk they produce (which carries the antithrombin gene) and making it into a pill for deficient humans to take

83
Q

give an example of transgenic research that may hit the food market soon?

A

triploidy transgenic salmon; Atlantic Salmon with genes from Chinook Salmon and Ocean Pout that grow really big really fast

84
Q

what is CRISPR and give an example of an animal made through this process?

A

precise genome editing, PRRS resistant pigs

85
Q

what does DNA fingerprinting determine?

A
  1. genetic carriers (or not) of diseases
  2. identify individuals: pedigree verification, theft recovery
  3. predict heterosis: less related individuals will express greater hybrid vigor in offpring
86
Q

what is epigenetics?

A

genes turned on or off as a result of environment effects

87
Q

give an example of epigenetics in animals?

A

bees are genetic clones of the queen, but the environmental factor of eating royal jelly or worker jelly determines if they’ll be a worker bee or a queen bee

88
Q

give a example of epigenetics in humans?

A

air pollution turns on asthma gene

89
Q

what are the benefits of genetic engineering in food production and the environment?

A
  1. decreased pesticide/herbicide/fertilizer usage
  2. increased yields and productivity
  3. increased flavor and longevity
  4. increased nutrient content
90
Q

what are the benefits of genetic engineering in the medical field?

A
  1. increased availability of drugs
  2. decreased cost of medical supplies and hospital visits
  3. custom transplant organs
  4. other benefits not yet know, being explored
91
Q

what are the risks and concerns of genetic engineering?

A
  1. genetically engineered organisms being released into general population
  2. long term effect on humans
  3. decrease in biodiversity
  4. unethical/unlawful use of technology

Animal Science (13 decks)

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