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Animal Science > Beef Cattle > Flashcards

Beef Cattle Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is cow parturition?

A

calving

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2
Q

what is an intact male cow?

A

bull

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3
Q

what is a castrated male cow?

A

steer

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4
Q

what is a female cow?

A

cow

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5
Q

what is a young male cow?

A

bull calf/bullock

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6
Q

what is a young female cow?

A

heifer

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7
Q

what are all young cows?

A

calves

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8
Q

what is the ancestor of cattle?

A

the auroch

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9
Q

who is considered to be the father of selective breeding and what did he do?

A

Robert Bakewell, he bred sheep, horses, and donkeys for specific traits

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10
Q

what is special about Dishley Longhorn cattle?

A

they were selected only for meat characteristics, originally took a long time to mature but through selection matured faster and showed better meat characteristics

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11
Q

who were the very first US cattle and why?

A

Corriente, they were very hardy and adaptable

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12
Q

what are Corriente cattle mostly used for now?

A

rodeos

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13
Q

when did Shorthorns come along and what were they?

A

1783, dual breed —> milk and meat

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14
Q

when did Herefords show up and what are they?

A

1817, good beef and good mothering abilities

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15
Q

name three European cow breeds?

A

Shorthorn
Hereford
Angus

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16
Q

what did the Civil War in the 1860’s do?

A

led to trail driving as westward expansion began

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17
Q

when did Angus show up and what are they?

A

the most popular breed today, fertile, good mothering abilities

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18
Q

when did cattle importations begin?

A

1960’s

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19
Q

when did synthetics/composition breeds begin?

A

1970’s, created from crossbreeding

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20
Q

give an example of a synthetic breed?

A

Santa Gertrudis= 5/8Shorthorn + 3/8Brahman

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21
Q

what are purebred cattle?

A

they have a defined set of genetically inherited characteristics/traits

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22
Q

how many purebred cattle are there?

A

250 breeds recognized

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23
Q

how many varieties and types of cattle are there that aren’t given a name?

A

over 300

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24
Q

why are there so many beef cattle breeds?

A

you have to make beef cattle to fit their environment

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25
Q

what are the four main types of beef cattle?

A
  1. European- Bos taurus
  2. Continental- Bos taurus
  3. Zebu- Bps indicus
  4. Synthetic- any mix of above
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26
Q

what are the four types of synthetic crosses?

A
  1. Bos taurus x Bos taurus
  2. Bos indicus x Bos indicus
  3. Bos taurus x Bos indicus
  4. Bos indicus x Bos taurus
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27
Q

what is a key driver in improving sustainability in the cattle industry?

A

productivity

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28
Q

what is the main goal of agriculture?

A

to produce more using less

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29
Q

what state is #1 in head of cattle, and where is GA?

A

Texas

GA is #30

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30
Q

what is the order of the beef supply chain?

A 
Custom Genetics/Purebreeders -->
Cow/Calf Ranches/Commercial Producers---> Stocker/Backgrounders or directly to --->
Sale Barn -->
Feed Lot --->
Packer-->
Processor --->
Consumers
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31
Q

what is the product of custom genetics/purebreeders?

A

genetic material to beef supply chain?

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32
Q

what are custom genetics/purebreeders?

A

specialized cow/calf producers

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33
Q

how do custom genetics/purebreeders provide genetic material to the beef supply chain?

A
  1. breeding animals- main method
  2. semen- (<3% of all beef cattle AI)
  3. embryos (<1%)
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34
Q

give four examples of purebreeds from cow/calf ranches

A

Scottish Highlander, Longhorn, Ankole-Watusi, miniature cattle

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35
Q

what percent of beef cows are purebred?

A

20%

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36
Q

what percent of beef cows are 2 breed crosses?

A

60%

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37
Q

what percent of 2 breed cross cows are black/white faced?

A

50%

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38
Q

what percentage of beef cows are 3 or more breed crosses?

A

20%

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39
Q

how is crossbreeding success measured?

A

weaning weight per cow exposed to bull

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40
Q

what are the two advantages of crossbreeding?

A

heterosis and complimentarity

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41
Q

how do 2 breed rotation breeds wean compared to purebreds?

A

15% higher

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42
Q

how do 3 breed rotation breeds wean compared to purebreds?

A

23% higher

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43
Q

how do 4 breed rotation breeds wean compared to purebreds?

A

24% higher

44
Q

what does increasing heterozygosity also increase?

A

heterosis

45
Q

how does a 2 breed rotation work?

A

starts at 50/50 rotation, and then stabilizes at 65/35% of 35/65% from the last sire line used

46
Q

what do stocker/backgrounders do?

A

natural maturation

-increase frame size and muscle development

47
Q

how much do weaned calves weigh and how old are they usually?

A

400-600 lbs

5-7 months

48
Q

how much do cows weigh when they enter the feedlot and how old are they usually?

A

800-900 lbs

9-11 months

49
Q

what kind of food do stocker/backgrounders provide the cows?

A

forage

50
Q

what are the two kinds of forage stocker/backgrounders use?

A

pasture: rotation all summer

crop residue: after harvest, cows graze stubble and add nutrients (feces)

51
Q

when do stocker/backgrounders send cows to the feedlot?

A

once they mature

52
Q

how long are cattle in the feedlot?

A

50-90 days

53
Q

what are cows fed in the feedlot?

A

roughage + energy concentrate

54
Q

what does the roughage in the feed lot diet do?

A

digestive function, keeps system moving

55
Q

what is the main energy concentrate fed in feed lots?

A

corn, the whole plant is used

56
Q

why is corn used primarily as the energy concentrate in feed lots?

A

it is high in energy and takes some time to break down so the digestive system does not move too fast

57
Q

what are the 3 objectives of feed lots?

A
  1. increase intramuscular fat
  2. influence taste of fat
  3. influence color of fat
58
Q

how old are cows that are feedlot finished?

A

14-16 months

59
Q

how long are feedlot finished cows on the pasture/ranger?

A

9-12 months

60
Q

how long are feedlot finished cows in the feedlot?

A

50-90 days

61
Q

what are cows fed in the feedlot?

A

high fiber diet, whole corn plant

62
Q

what color, content, and flavor of fat will feedlot finished cows have?

A

white, high (grade dependent), consistent

63
Q

will feedlot finished cows have a lot of connective tissue?

A

no, they will be more tender

64
Q

how long is feedlot finished meat aged?

A

less than 72 hours

65
Q

how old are primarily grassfed cows?

A

over 2 years, 3-5 is common

66
Q

where are grassfed cows housed?

A

pasture/range only

67
Q

what is the fat color, content, and flavor of grassfed cows?

A

yellow/orange, composition and amount varies, flavor varies

68
Q

how much connective tissue do grassfed cows have and how long is their meat aged?

A

more connective tissue, less tender, aged up to 20+ days

69
Q

do feedlot finished or grassfed cows have a lower carbon footprint?

A

feedlot finished

70
Q

where is most beef cattle production in the US and why?

A

grain belt, because high corn production

71
Q

what does the packer do in the beef supply chain?

A

process beef produced through a line where everyone has a very specific job; harvest carcass and break down into wholesale cuts

72
Q

how many companies process over 80% of all beef produced, or over 35 million head of cattle, annually, and what are they?

A 
4;
Tyson
Cargill
JBS
National Beef
73
Q

everything from the cow is utilized except what and why?

A

the brain and spinal cord, Mad Cow Disease

74
Q

what are the two grades for slaughter cattle carcasses?

A

quality ad yield

75
Q

what is quality grade?

A

a word, palatability (prime, choice, select)

76
Q

how is quality grade measured?

A

age and intramuscular fat

77
Q

what is yield grade?

A

the percentage of meat from live and carcass weight

78
Q

what are the five quality grades and their ranges?

A 
A: 9-30 months
B: 30-42 months
C: 42-72 months
D: 72-96 months
E: >96 months
79
Q

how is age measured for quality grade?

A

bone ossification and dental aging

80
Q

how many yield grades are there?

A

5

81
Q

does a relationship exist between quality and yield grade?

A

yes, high of one usually means high of the other

82
Q

what are Wagyu beef?

A

they marble really well, especially the black ones, very expensive

83
Q

why do Wagyu cows marble really well?

A

they were originally draft animals, selected for endurance and strength, which translated into A LOT of intramuscular fat

84
Q

what is Kobe beef?

A

Wagyu beef specifically from the Kobe region of Japan

85
Q

what is the Sale Barn in the Beef Supply Chain?

A

cattle auction, can be online or in person

86
Q

what does the Processor do in the Beef Supply Chain?

A

processes wholesale cuts into products, often the same company as the packer

87
Q

what are the 4 main challenged in the beef industry?

A
  1. genotype x environment interaction: Bos indicus would not thrive in the cold up north
  2. conflicting traits within sectors
  3. technology challenges: AI limitations- lots of cattle on lots of land makes it hard to record reproductive cycle
  4. small producers: have less than 50 head of cattle, coordinating lots of small operations is hard
88
Q

how long is a cow’s estrous cycle?

A

21 days

89
Q

how long is a cow in estrus?

A

12 hours

90
Q

how long is a cow’s gestation period?

A

285 days

91
Q

are cows seasonal breeders?

A

no, they are polyestrous

92
Q

what happens on Day 0 of the cow life cycle?

A

Breeding, somewhere around May 15

93
Q

what happens on Day 285 of the cow life cycle?

A

calving, the next March after being bred in May

94
Q

what happens 6-8 weeks after calving?

A

Spring work: branding, dehorning, castration, vaccinations

95
Q

what happens in the September after calving?

A

Fall work: weaning (5-7 months, 400-600 lbs), pregnancy checks

96
Q

after pregnancy checks in Fall work, what happens?

A

keep or sell

97
Q

who is kept after pregnancy checks, and who is sold from what is kept?

A 
replacement females (40%)
cull cows (10-15%)
98
Q

what happens after the replacement females are kept and cows are culled?

A

heifer breeding season

99
Q

how old are the heifers during heifer breeding season, and when does it happen?

A

13 months old, one month before cow herd is bred

100
Q

which calving is the hardest for a cow and why?

A

her 2nd, she is still growing, and her body has to recover from her 1st calving + nursing

101
Q

where do the cows that are sold after fall work go?

A

to the Stocker

102
Q

who is sold after Fall work?

A

steers and 60% heifers

103
Q

how long do the sold cows after Fall work mature at the Stocker and how big do they get?

A

September to Feb/March, 750-850 lbs

104
Q

where do the sold cows go from the Stocker?

A

to the feedlot

105
Q

how long are the sold cows in the feedlot and how big do they get?

A

March-June, 1150-1200 lbs

106
Q

where do the sold cows go from the feedlot?

A

to the Packer

Animal Science (13 decks)

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