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Animal Science > Equine > Flashcards

Equine Flashcards

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1
Q

what is an intact male horse?

A

stallion

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2
Q

mature female horse?

A

mare

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3
Q

equine parturition?

A

foaling

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4
Q

young male equine?

A

colt

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5
Q

young female equine?

A

filly

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6
Q

all young horses?

A

foals

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7
Q

castrated male equine?

A

gelding

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8
Q

draw the evolution of equines over time based on foot structure

A

eocene (eohippus) -> oligocene (mesohippus) -> miocene (meryhippus) -> pliocene (pliohippus) -> pleistocene (equus)

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9
Q

what are the scientific names for the modern horse?

A

pleistocene, or equus

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10
Q

when were horses domesticated and for what purpose originally?

A

6,000 years ago, milk and meat

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11
Q

what were horses used for in 2,000 BC?

A

battle, riding (draft), and with carts for riding

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12
Q

what did the domestication of horses do to warfare?

A

changed it entirely by making transport of armies and food more possible and giving rise to a whole new style of fighting

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13
Q

what happened to horses in 1450 BC?

A

the Olympics shifted the use of horses to entertainment

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14
Q

when did horses arrive in the United States?

A

1500’s

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15
Q

approximately how many wild horses (mustangs) and burros are on public land in America?

A

88,000

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16
Q

how many wild equines are in government holding pens and how many does each cost over the course of its lifetime?

A

49,000 in pens, $55,000 over lifetime

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17
Q

what are the high approximate management levels for the government holding pens?

A

26,690; far less than the amount of horses in there currently

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18
Q

how many horse adoptions take place each year in America?

A

3,000

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19
Q

how much of its budget does the Bureau of Land Management spend on warehousing horses each year?

A

2/3

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20
Q

from who is it believed that most horses descended from?

A

Arabians

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21
Q

how are horses measured?

A

in hands, each hand is 4 inches, from the ground to the point of the withers, or the top of the shoulder

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22
Q

list the 7 types of horses

A
  1. draft
  2. light
  3. gated
  4. warmbloods
  5. pony
  6. miniature horses
  7. other equids
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23
Q

list the 3 temperaments of horses

A
  1. hotblooded
  2. coldblooded
  3. warm (cold+hot blooded)
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24
Q

describe draft horses: function, size, breeds

A

to pull or haul, large: 16-19 hands and up to 3000lbs, heavy boned and large framed, known for power and forward movement, hard to turn
breeds: Percheron, Belgian, CLYDESDALE

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25
Q

what temperament are draft horses?

A

cold-blooded, calmer, CHILL

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26
Q

describe light horses: function, size, breeds and color breeds

A

bred for riding; speed, agility, endurance
14.3-17 hands, 1000-1500lbs
breeds: Arabian, Thoroughbred, Quarter horses
Color breeds: Appaloosa, Paint, Palomino

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27
Q

describe gated horses: function, size, breeds

A

light horses that are bred for smoother movement
14.3-17 hands, 1000-1500 lbs, like Light horses
Breeds: American Saddlebred, Tennessee Walking Horses, Standardbred

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28
Q

describe Warmblood horses: function, size, breeds, temperament

A

bred for riding: dressage, jumping (Olympics)
temperament is between hot and cold, duh
16-18 hands, 1200-1700lbs
moderate frame, heavier build
breeds: Hanoverian, Dutch Warmblood, Trakehner

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29
Q

describe ponies: function, size, breeds

A

bred for both draft and riding (“light” or “draft”)
MUST be under 14.2 hands, 500-900lbs
Breeds: Shetland, Welsh, Hackney

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30
Q

describe miniature horses: looks, size, history

A

conformation more of a horse than pony
5-9.5 hands, (34”-38” inches)
created in 1600’s for rich people

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31
Q

describe other equids: functions of domestics, and types

A

domestics equids can be used for draft and riding
types: Donkeys; Jerusalem Donkey and Mammoth Jack, who is over 13.2 hands
Zebras

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32
Q

what country has the largest horse and donkey population in the world?

A

US

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33
Q

what two countries have the smallest horse and donkey populations?

A

Grenada and Guam

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34
Q

list the 3 states with the largest horse populations

A
  1. Texas
  2. California
  3. Florida
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35
Q

why has the horse population fluctuated in America?

A

cars and tractors took the place of draft horses, but then WWII increased the use of horses again, until the 1986 Tax reform act decreased the population again

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36
Q

of all the horses in America, what is the largest percentage used for?

A

recreation, then showing, then racing, and then other (working/draft)

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37
Q

list the 7 issues in the pet vs. livestock classification and describe them

A
  1. legal: zoning
  2. care: medical and health requirements are different
  3. use: definitions of abuse are different
  4. definitions of acceptable human behavior: behavior modification instruments
  5. social pressure: eliminate slaughter of horses (primary salvage outlet)
  6. maintenance cost: caring for old useless horses is expensive
  7. salvage value: resale value bc pets and can’t slaughter, so have to resell for money
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38
Q

how is pet vs. livestock a challenge for the horse industry?

A

zoning, training/care, and use

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39
Q

how much manure does one horse produce?

A

50 lbs/day, or 9 tons/horse/year

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40
Q

what 2 things can be done with horse manure?

A
  1. spread it

2. store it

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41
Q

discuss spreading manure

A

manure is removed from stalls, which reduces parasites in the barn, BUT spreads parasites and weeds and may not benefit forage when put down on a field

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42
Q

discuss storing manure

A

reduces volume by 50-60% by compacting, reduces weeds and pathogens but it eventually must go somewhere!

43
Q

list the 3 other roles for the horse industry

A
  1. manure management
  2. land utilization
  3. disease control
44
Q

list 3 bad things about the recreational horse industry

A
  1. highly competitive
  2. volatile
  3. discretionary funds
45
Q

how many recreational horse businesses fail within the first 5 years and why (4 reasons)

A
  1. lack of planning “working backwards”
  2. facility purchase
  3. cute bunny syndrome
  4. salvage vs. maintenance
46
Q

describe Type II social behavior

A

solitary/territorial

  1. live in loose association
  2. breeding determined by female’s choice to enter territory
  3. stallion (alpha male) defends territory
  4. social bonding- mare and foal (mother and child)
47
Q

describe Type I social behavior

A

social/herd bound

  1. feed resources dictate migration
  2. stable reproductive unit bound by permanent social ties
  3. hierarchy
  4. breeding determined by “membership”
  5. stallions/mares defend band
  6. high degree of social bonding
48
Q

what does it mean that horses are cursorial animals?

A

they survive by speed

49
Q

list 6 ways that horses are cursorial animals

A
  1. vision
  2. digestive system
  3. O2 capacity
  4. respiration
  5. limb anatomy
  6. conformation
50
Q

where are horses eyes and what degree vision do they have?

A

sides of their heads, 357 degree vision

51
Q

define stereoscopic

A

long range depth perception, horses are far sighted, have poor short range depth perception

52
Q

where are the horses’ 2 blind spots?

A

directly in front and directly behind

53
Q

discuss monocular vision in horses

A

146 degree activity monitor, poor depth perception, perceived cues, easily spooked

54
Q

what is accommodation?

A

degree of lens ability to change shape

55
Q

how many diopters do humans have?

A

10-12

56
Q

how many diopters do horses have and what does that mean?

A

1-2, they have a more “fixed” lens

57
Q

talk about cones and rods in humans vs horses

A

humans: dense cones in higher numbers, fewer rods
horses: spread out cones in lower numbers, more rods

58
Q

what is the tapetum?

A

behind retina, helps horses see better in low light

59
Q

what kind of vision do humans have in terms of color?

A

trichromic, have blue, red, and green cones, see all wavelengths of light

60
Q

what kind of vision do horses have in terms of color

A

dichromic, have blue and red cones, see blue and red

61
Q

list 3 features of the equine eye that contributes to their cursorial lifestyle

A
  1. greater low light vision: bc rods and tapetum, for seeing predators
  2. dichromic vision: see blue and red/yellow (PRIMARY COLORS)
  3. limited accommodation: far sighted
62
Q

what about the horse digestive system contributes to their cursorial lifestyle?

A

it is smaller, holds less volume, so they don’t have as much weight to carry and can run away faster

63
Q

why does the horse digestive system have a faster passage rate?

A

they have more selective eating habits

64
Q

what is the capacity of a horses stomach?

A

35 gallons

65
Q

what does the horse spleen do in terms of O2 capacity?

A

it can store and recycle old RBC’s for when the body is running low on oxygen, like when running

66
Q

how much can the spleen alter hematocrit?

A

by 10-20%

67
Q

can horses breathe through their mouths?

A

no

68
Q

how do horses compensate not being able to breathe through their mouths?

A

they have long nasal passageways that intake lots of air and warm it in the nasal cavity

69
Q

what is locomotion respiration coupling?

A

occurs when running, where stride is connected with respiratory rate; 1 breath/stride

70
Q

why are thoroughbreds good for running distances?

A

they have long strides, which, when locomotion respiration coupling occurs, means they breathe big and deep and have more endurance

71
Q

what are the 2 biggest things in horse limb anatomy?

A

angle and structure

72
Q

what is the scapula on a horse?

A

the equivalent of a human should blade, not attached by bones, only by muscles and tendons and angled for shock absorption

73
Q

what is the humerus on a horse?

A

like our upper arm, angled for shock absorption

74
Q

what is the human equivalent of the radius/ulna on a horse?

A

forearm

75
Q

what is the carpus on a horse?

A

the horse’s knee, like the human wrist, has lots of bones for movement and shock absorption

76
Q

what is the metacarpal on a horse?

A

also called the horse’s cannon, like our hand, surrounded by tendons and ligaments

77
Q

what is the fetlock?

A

on the back of the foot, very important joint

78
Q

what are the proximal, medial, and distal phalanx?

A

like our fingers

79
Q

what is the distal phalanx also called?

A

coffin bone

80
Q

where do horses place the majority of their weight?

A

on their front legs

81
Q

what is a flexion?

A

power stroke, foot in contact with the ground

82
Q

what is extension?

A

reach for the next step

83
Q

what 2 things help with shock absorption?

A

free-floating scapula

angle of shoulder and pastern

84
Q

what is the short pastern?

A

medial phalanx (P-2)

85
Q

what is the long pastern?

A

proximal phalanx, (P-1)

86
Q

what is the efficiency of a slow gait and why?

A

low; limited work and limited heat ECF friction

87
Q

what horses use slow gaits?

A

draft animals

88
Q

what is the efficiency of a fast gait and why?

A

low; high work, but high heat ECF friction produced

89
Q

what is the efficiency of a moderate gait and why?

A

high, more work than slow, but less heat than fast

90
Q

what is function to form in terms of conformation?

A

horses are built differently based on their purpose or function

91
Q

give an example of function to form

A

racehorses are built thinner and taller for speed, draft horses are bulkier for strength

92
Q

what is SCID?

A

severe combined immunodeficiency

  • simple recessive, 1 gene, homozygous recessive
  • lethal: no immune system= bad news bears
93
Q

why is SCID hard to diagnose?

A

colostrum fakes an immune system in the foal

94
Q

how many horses are carriers of SCID?

A

40%

95
Q

what is HYPP?

A

hyperkalemic periodic paralysis

  • incomplete dominant: different levels of severity
  • causes muscle spasms and locking up
96
Q

why is HYPP called impressive syndrome?

A

it makes muscles look huge, came from one huge stallion and selected for accidentally by breeding him

97
Q

what type of breeders are horses?

A

seasonal, long day, breed in the summer

98
Q

how long is a horses estrous cycle?

A

21 days

99
Q

how long is a horse in estrus?

A

5-7 days

100
Q

how long do horses ovulate?

A

24-48 hours

101
Q

how long is horse gestation?

A

335 days

102
Q

list 4 physiological reasons why horse reproduction rate is low?

A
  1. long gestation
  2. seasonal breeders (long day)
  3. single bearing
  4. long time to reach puberty and maturity
103
Q

list 2 artificial (people-induced) reasons why horse reproduction is low?

A
  1. not bred based on reproductive ability

2. January 1st birthday

104
Q

list the 4 major events in the horse life cycle?

A

Day 0: bred, in May
Day 335: foaling, hopefully in January, but more often in May
Foal Heat: 9-14 post partum, when you want to rebreed mom for one foal every 365 days
Day 390: normal cycling, if not rebred during foal heat

Animal Science (13 decks)

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