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Animal Science > Companion Animals > Flashcards

Companion Animals Flashcards

1
Q

what was the first animal to be domesticated and when?

A

the dog, 12-10,000 years ago

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2
Q

where did dogs come from?

A

wolves, all around the world, like Asia, Europe, Arabia, China

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3
Q

what are the 2 theories on dog domestication?

A
  1. self- domestication

2. human involvement

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4
Q

how were dogs actually domesticated?

A

mix of both theories

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5
Q

describe the Russian silver fox experiment?

A

these foxes were bred in captivity for 40 years and selected for temperament, the nicer ones became more like the dogs we know

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6
Q

female dog

A

bitch

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7
Q

male dog

A

dog

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8
Q

mother of litter

A

dam

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9
Q

father of litter

A

sire

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10
Q

young dogs

A

puppies

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11
Q

parturition

A

whelping

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12
Q

how many unofficial dog breeds are there?

A

350-400

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13
Q

how many dog breeds are recognized by the American Kennel Club?

A

193

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14
Q

how are routine expenses for dogs trending in recent years?

A

getting more expensive

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15
Q

how many owned dogs are spayed or neutered?

A

85%

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16
Q

how many owned dogs were adopted from an animal shelter?

A

22%

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17
Q

what is one (not great) solution to the problem of unadopted dogs?

A

dog meat, pretty fatty and high in iron, consumed in China, Taiwan, Mexico, and America (Native America)

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18
Q

how do dogs cones and rods compare to humans?

A

cones: horizontal slit, spread out and lower numbers
rods: more than humans
so they see fewer colors, but better in low light

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19
Q

what 2 wavelengths of light do dogs see?

A

dichromic: blue and red, which looks yellow

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20
Q

what is the tapetum?

A

kind of like a mirror behind the retina, amplifies light, not all dogs have it

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21
Q

how many diopters do dogs have and what does that mean?

A

1-2, near sighted

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22
Q

what is visual acuity in dogs?

A

focus and clarity is not great in dogs

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23
Q

what is dog’s flicker fusion?

A

75 hz

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24
Q

how do seeing eye dogs work?

A

smellavision

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25
Q

list 2 features of dog ears that help them hear?

A
  1. longer ear canal

2. pinna= lots of little muscles that can direct sound in ears

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26
Q

what is the highest frequency that humans can hear?

A

12,000 hz

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27
Q

what is the highest frequency that dogs can hear?

A

47,000-65,000 hz, like a sixth sense

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28
Q

what frequency are dog whistles?

A

20,000-25,000 hz

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29
Q

how much more sensitive is dog smell than human smell?

A

10,000-100,000x more sensitive

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30
Q

how big is the olfactory bulb in human and dog brains?

A

human: 1.5g
dog: 6.0g

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31
Q

how much more of a proportion of a dog’s brain is dedicated to smell than humans?

A

40x more

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32
Q

compare the surface area of turbinates in humans and dogs

A

humans: 7.0 cm2
dogs: 390 cm2

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33
Q

what are the 2 pathlines of dog turbinates?

A

respiratory and olfactory

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34
Q

how many smell receptors do humans, german shepherds, and bloodhound

A

humans: 6 million
german shepherds: 225 million
bloodhounds: over 300 million

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35
Q

how are ears related to scent?

A

long ears (like on bloodhounds) can directs smells up from the ground to their noses

36
Q

what are the 3 primary sources of scents?

A
  1. apocrine glands
  2. urine
  3. feces
37
Q

how do dogs use the olfactory sense?

A
  1. favorable
  2. unfavorable
  3. indentification
  4. taste
  5. age
  6. sex
  7. health
  8. reproductive status
38
Q

what 4 human uses are dogs olfactory sense good for?

A
  1. tracking
  2. trailing
  3. detection
  4. sniffing out cancer
39
Q

how many taste buds do dogs have?

A

1700

40
Q

describe the structure of a dog’s tongue

A

long and narrow, curves on sides and ends to lap up water

41
Q

list the taste buds and their locations for dogs

A 
sweet: more on sides
sour/salty: farther back on sides and less of them
bitter: back
umami: front
water: tip
42
Q

what is furaneol?

A

a sweet compound found in fruits and tomatoes

43
Q

can dogs taste sweet things?

A

as carnivores/omnivores, their diet is just complex enough to taste it, but they’re not smart enough to know not to drink antifreeze, cats don’t

44
Q

what is a dog’s taste of salty things like?

A

less developed, less tastebuds for it

45
Q

what is a dog’s taste of sour things like?

A

there are limited studies, but sour citronella collars are good for behavior

46
Q

where in the body do dog s synthesize vitamin C?

A

liver

47
Q

what do dogs use their bitter taste buds for?

A

danger detection

48
Q

how does dogs/cats bitter sensitivity compare to humans?

A

much higher

49
Q

advantages and disadvantages of bitter bandages?

A

bitter taste will eventually deter dogs from licking at bandages, but those taste buds are on the back of the tongue so it takes a while to be effective

50
Q

compare how saccharine tastes to humans vs dogs and why

A

fake sugar, sweet to human in low doses, bitter to dogs at any dose because so sensitive to bitter tastes

51
Q

what is the umami taste?

A

animal proteins and fats, MSG

52
Q

why are dogs umami receptors finely tuned compared to their other tastes?

A

it is such a large part of their diet

53
Q

what is the other name for the fat taste?

A

oleogustus

54
Q

why might fat be added as a taste?

A

studies have shown that variations in gene CD36 lead to specific taste receptors for fat

55
Q

name the 3 primary types of simplistic sensory receptors that dogs have

A
  1. pressure
  2. temperature
  3. pain (noci)
56
Q

describe the pressure receptors in dogs

A

40% are located in the face, in the vibrissae near the muzzle, and some on the tail head
the neuro-reflex response to pressure is quick pull-back

57
Q

describe the temperature receptors in dogs

A

primarily cold receptors, not hot and cold like humans, the neuro-reflex response to temperature is to curl up when cold and to stretch out when hot to increase surface area to distribute heat, dogs also have sweat glands in their paws and pant when hot

58
Q

describe the pain (noci) receptors in dogs

A

neurologically similar to humans
free-ending nerves in skin surface
don’t express pain as much as humans

59
Q

how do the senses compare and contrast across dog breeds?

A

taste and sight are similar for all

olfactory and hearing differ based on number of smell receptors and ear shape

60
Q

describe the evolution of estrous cycles in dogs

A

evolved from monoestrous (from wolves) to diestrous in 4-8 month intervals in the spring and fall

61
Q

what is anestrus?

A

not cycling, no estrous cycle, lasts about 5 months in dogs

62
Q

what is proestrus?

A

follicular growth, estrogen increases in the body, lasts 9 days in dogs

63
Q

what is estrus?

A

when ovulation occurs, period of sexual receptivity, progesterone increases and estrogen decreases

64
Q

what is diestrus?

A

pregnancy or pseudopregnancy, progesterone is high, lasts 2 months or the length of gestation

65
Q

how many dogs in the US are overweight or obese?

A

25%

66
Q

what is the scientific name for cats and when were they domesticated?

A

7500 BC, Felis domestica

67
Q

where did cats come from?

A

wild cats in Europe, and Africa/Asia

68
Q

how were cats self-domesticated?

A

enhanced agricultural output led to increased grain storage which attracted rodents, which in turn attracted predators and decreased their flight zone, cats increased in population around humans and eventually were tamed and domesticated

69
Q

how are cats a form on health insurance?

A

they eat rats, which carry awful diseases like the bubonic plague

70
Q

what are the 4 relationships that cats have with humans? describe them

A
  1. symbiotic: humans get elimination of pests and cats get shelter and supplemental food
  2. commensal: humans and cats are present in the same location, cats consume leftovers and eliminate pests
  3. exploitive captive (biologist term): cats are captives of humans, but have exploited the relationship to their benefit
  4. pet concept: affluent societies
71
Q

adult female cat?

A

queen

72
Q

adult male cat

A

tom

73
Q

castrated male cat

A

gib

74
Q

all young cats

A

kittens

75
Q

cat parturition

A

kittening/queening

76
Q

how many cat breeds are recognized by Cat Fanciers Association?

A

41

77
Q

what are there more of in the US, pet cats or pet dogs?

A

pet cats

78
Q

what type of reproducers are cats?

A

seasonal (long day) polyestrous

79
Q

how long and what is the range of cat estrous cycles?

A

14-21 days, ranges from 4-30 days

80
Q

what is the period between estrus called for cats?

A

proestrus/interestrus

81
Q

how are cats induced ovulators?

A

their progesterone stays low and they won’t ovulate or form a corpus luteum unless they are bred or mated

82
Q

what happens to cats estrous cycles as the days get longer in length?

A

their estrous cycles increase in frequency

83
Q

what happens if female cats are consistently in more than 10 hours of daylight?

A

they may cycle year-roud

84
Q

what happens if female cats are consistently in less than 8 hours of daylight?

A

they stop cycling

85
Q

long hair vs. short hair cycles?

A

10% vs. 60% regular cycles year round

86
Q

what happens when queens are housed together?

A

their estrous cycles tend to synchronize

87
Q

list 6 zoonotic diseases to watch for when working with cats

A
  1. cat scratch disease, or bartonellosis
  2. salmonellosis
  3. ringworm
  4. cryptosporidiosos, giardiasis, and toxoplasmosis
  5. roundworms and hookworms
  6. RABIES

Animal Science (13 decks)

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