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Animal Science > Female Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Female Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

define estrus

A

period of receptivity to be bred (heat)

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2
Q

define ovulation

A

release of an ovum from a follicle

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3
Q

define follicle

A

structure on the ovary that contains the ovum

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4
Q

define estrOus cycle

A

all physiological events that occur from one ovulation to the next

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5
Q

define oviposition

A

the process of laying an egg

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6
Q

define gestation

A

pregnancy and development of the fetus

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7
Q

define incubation

A

development of the fetus outside the body

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8
Q

define parturition

A

birthing process

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9
Q

how long is the estrous cycle for cows?

A

21 d

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10
Q

how long is the estrous cycle for ewes?

A

17d

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11
Q

how long is the estrous cycle for mares?

A

21d

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12
Q

how long is the estrous cycle for sows?

A

21d

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13
Q

how long is the estrous cycle for bitches?

A

6-7 months

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14
Q

how long is the estrous cycle for queens?

A

18d

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15
Q

how long is the estrous cycle for doe (rabbits)?

A

19d

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16
Q

how long is the estrous cycle for humans?

A

NOT, we have a menstrual cycle

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17
Q

how long is the estrous cycle for chickens?

A

they don’t have one

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18
Q

how long is gestation for cows?

A

285d

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19
Q

how long is gestation for ewes?

A

147d

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20
Q

how long is gestation for mares?

A

336d

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21
Q

how long is gestation for sows?

A

114d

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22
Q

how long is gestation for bitches?

A

65d

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23
Q

how long is gestation for queens?

A

52d

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24
Q

how long is gestation for doe (rabbits)?

A

31d

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25
Q

how long is gestation for humans?

A

270d

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26
Q

how long is gestation for chickens?

A

none

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27
Q

what are the three types of uteri?

A

duplex, bicornuate, simplex

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28
Q

describe a duplex uterus and list two animals who have it

A

two cervices; marsupials, rabbits

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29
Q

describe the two types of bicornuate uteri

A

poorly to moderately developed uterine horns, and highly developed uterine horns

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30
Q

list two animals with poorly to moderately developed bicornuate uteri and why they have that type

A

mares, cows; they have 1-2 offspring only

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31
Q

list three animals with highly developed bicornuate uteri and why they have that type

A

bitches, queens, sows; they have larger litters

32
Q

describe a simplex uterus and who has it

A

no uterine horns, primates

33
Q

what is the function of the ovaries?

A

form the follicles, produce estrogen and progesterone, and form the ovum

34
Q

what happens to the ovulating follicle as the cycle progresses?

A

it ruptures and forms the corpus luteum

35
Q

describe the exocrine functions of the ovaries

A

ovum production, main reproductive organ

36
Q

describe the endocrine functions of the ovaries, and the structures involved

A

the follicles have follicular cells that produce E2, estrogen, and Theca Interna, that produce testosterone, T, and the Corpus Luteum produces progesterone, P4

37
Q

how many parts are there to the oviduct and what are they?

A

3, infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus

38
Q

how many functions are there to the oviduct and what are they?

A

3, transport, sight of fertilization, nutrition

39
Q

what type of cells are in the oviduct and why?

A

ciliated columnar cells to grab and pull the egg along

40
Q

what are the 4 functions of the uterus?

A

transport, NUTRIENTS, site of gestation, endocrine

41
Q

where is the cervix located?

A

below the uterine body

42
Q

what is the function of the cervix?

A

physical barrier to protect uterus

43
Q

what is special about a cow’s cervix?

A

they have rings/folds to weed out bad sperms and further protect their uterus

44
Q

what is special about a sow’s uterus?

A

they have interdigitating protrusions that make a corkscrew to match the boar’s glans penis

45
Q

what is the function of the vagina?

A

semen deposition EXCEPT IN SOWS, theirs is in the cervix

46
Q

what type of epithelium is in the vagina?

A

columnar and stratified squamous

47
Q

what are the four stages of the estrous cycle?

A

proestrus, estrus, metestrus, diestrus

48
Q

what happens in proestrus?

A

formation of ovulatory follicles and E2 secretion

49
Q

what happens in estrus?

A

sexual receptivity and peak E2 secretion

50
Q

what happens in metestrus?

A

corpus luteum formation and beginning of P4 secretion

51
Q

what happens in diestrus?

A

sustained luteal secretion of P4

52
Q

what is an embryo?

A

the early mass of cells

53
Q

what is a fetus?

A

an attached and recognizable organism

54
Q

what are the 5 function of the placenta?

A
  1. exchange of nutrients/waste
  2. CO2/O2 exchange
  3. hydraulic dampener
  4. cervical dilation
  5. lubrication
    4 and 5 happen in parturition
55
Q

what is the chorion?

A

the wall from the embryo that fuses with the placenta

56
Q

what are the 4 types of placenta?

A

diffuse, zonary, cotyledonary, discoid

57
Q

describe a diffuse placenta and list two animals who have it

A

chorionic villi connections distributed throughout; horses, pigs

58
Q

describe a zonary placenta and list two animals who have it

A

placental connections concentrated in bands/zones; cats, dogs

59
Q

describe a contyledonary placenta and list the classification of animals who have it

A

half-circle placental attachments; ruminants (cattle, sheep, goats)

60
Q

describe a discoid placenta and list two animals who have it

A

one main site of placental connection; humans, primates

61
Q

does every animal have the same pregnancy length?

A

hell no, varies by species

62
Q

what is stage 1 of the parturition process?

A

cervical dilation, causes discomfort

63
Q

what is stage 2 of the parturition process?

A

fetal expulsion, when heifers calve in, it takes twice the time

64
Q

what is stage three of the parturition process?

A

membrane expulsion

65
Q

how do most animals present at birth?

A

front feet, then head

66
Q

should you ever pull on the fetal placenta?

A

NO. especially in cattle because of cotyledonary placenta

67
Q

what is it called when conditions aren’t right during parturition?

A

dystocia

68
Q

what causes dystocia?

A

birthweight,
size of dam,
condition of dam: over/underweight is bad
malpresentation: comes out wrong way

69
Q

what is special about the female avian repro tract?

A

they only have the left ovary, and all their structures have slightly different functions

70
Q

what does the avian infundibulum do?

A

egg pickup, sperm storage and fertilization

71
Q

what does the avian magnum do?

A

albumin/white part secretion

72
Q

what does the avian isthmus do?

A

formation of shell membranes

73
Q

what does the avian uterus do?

A

shell formation

74
Q

what does the cloaca do?

A

only way out

75
Q

how long can avians store sperm in their special pouch, and how do they get it up to fertilize the egg when needed?

A

up to ten days, and by muscle contractions

76
Q

what is incubation?

A

avian embryo development

77
Q

what are the 6 ways we manage reproduction?

A
  1. castration
  2. controlled/limited breeding season
  3. estrous synchronization
  4. artificial insemination
  5. pregnancy diagnosis
  6. embryo transfer/IVF

Animal Science (13 decks)

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