Genetics

Question 1

Darwins postulates

Answer 1

• struggle for existence: ecology
• heritable variation : genetics
• heritable variation influences the struggle : evolution

Question 2

Heritable variation

Answer 2

Like begets like but with mistakes recipe of inheritance: genetics, how intergenerational info is transferred

Question 3

Genetics

Answer 3

Study of process by which info is transmitted

-reproduction means duplication and transmission of genetic material

Question 4

Gene

Answer 4

• effects of every gene spend on other genes and environment
• gene may serve to activate or deactivate other genes

Question 5

DNA Replication in prokaryotes

Answer 5

• simple loop of DNA attached to cell membrane. E Colin DNA is 500 times longer than cell itself.
• no sexual reproduction but several forms of gene exchange including swapping of plasmids
• during fission, cell membranes splits in two. One loop of DNA ends up in each new daughter cell

Question 6

DNA replication eukaryotes

Answer 6

-mitoitc divison; grow and damaged cells repaired
-DNA linear
-germ cells: form gametes
Sex cells, ovaries and testes
Haploid ; mitosis and meiosis
-somatic cells: form body
Have 2 chromosome set 2n
Diploid ; only mitosis

Question 7

Heritable variation

Answer 7

• mutations are primary source

- mutation and genetic recombination that generate variation or new traits

Question 8

Mutations

Answer 8

Create different versions of alleles
-plant breeders induce mutations to create new varieties of genes
Point: replacement of 1 nucleotide due to random error or repair
Insertion/deletion: addition or deletion of 1 or more bad pairs
Gene duplications: unequal cross over: result in redundant stretches DNA
-in asexaul mutations pass to offspring
-in sexual, mutations lost in somatic are lost in death. But germ are passed

Question 9

Genetic recombination through meiosis

Answer 9

• by randomly selecting one or other chromosome from diploid set, 2^23 gametes can be formed: assortment
• recombination = crossing over
• farther apart two genes are on a chromosome. More likely crossing over will create recombination

Question 10

Variation ubiquitous

Answer 10

• morphological: hair color. Height
• behavioral: preference for certain foods
• physiological: metabolism rate
• rock pigeon spectacular variation: 350 domestic
• white cheeked rosella 4 varieties, each own color combination and markings

Question 11

Attributes (type of variation)

Answer 11

Variables cannot be measured (but can be scored), eye color, political party, blood type.

Question 12

Quantitative measurable variables (type of variation)

Answer 12

Discontinuous: fall into discrete intervals. (Shoe size)
Continuous: exist along a continuum (height. Weight)