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Bio 101 > Exam 1: Ch 52,54,55,56 > Flashcards

Exam 1: Ch 52,54,55,56 Flashcards

1
Q

Emergent properties

A

Set of phenomena that can be explained at a particular hierarchical level

Ex: territoriality. Species richness. Ant colonies.

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2
Q

Alpha diversity

A

Within a habitat

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3
Q

Beta diversity

A

Between habitats

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4
Q

Gama diversity

A

On a larger landscape

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5
Q

Ecology

A

Study of distribution and abundance of organisms and their interactions with the environment

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6
Q

Cosmopolitan species

A

Worldwide in distribution

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7
Q

Endemic species

A

Found in small, Restricted area.

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8
Q

Dispersal

A

Movement Of individuals away from centers from their area of origin

Contributes to global distribution

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9
Q

Gondwana distribution

A

Occur in southern continents of Australia, South Africa, and South America

Over 150 m yrs ago they were linked together

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10
Q

Dispersal limitations

A

Not all areas accessible.

Reason why species isn’t everywhere

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11
Q

Behavior and habitat selection

A

Some organisms don’t occupy all their potential range

Distribution may be limited by habitat selection behavior

Reason why species isn’t everywhere

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12
Q

Biotic factors

A

Interactions with other species. Predations and competition

Reason why species isn’t everywhere

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13
Q

Abiotic factors

A

Temperature. Water. Sunlight. Rocks and soil.
Vary in space and time.

Reason why species isn’t everywhere

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14
Q

Individual organisms

A

Single, discreet, organism

Distinction between individuals sometimes non existent

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15
Q

Behavioral ecology

A

Study of how behavior of individuals affects their survive and reproduce (adaptation)

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16
Q

Physiological ecology

A

How physical factors affect organisms survival and reproduction

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17
Q

Evolutionary ecology

A

How environment influences organisms evolution

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18
Q

Population ecology

A

How population grow, shrink, or remain stable. Depending on the nature of species, many factors affect growth

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19
Q

Population

A

Group of interbreeding individuals of same species living in the same place

Exhibits emergent properties

  • abundance
  • age structure
  • density-dependence
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20
Q

Biological species concept

A

Group of actually or potentially interbreeding sexual organisms producing fertile offspring

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21
Q

Drawbacks of biological species concept

A
  • Cannot be used with asexual organism
  • interbreeding under natural conditions hard to test
  • some species look different but can interbreed
  • difficult to apply extinct species
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22
Q

Phylogenetic species concept

A

Smallest group of individuals that shares a common ancestor and thus forms one branch of tree of life

Org. Morphology or DNA compared

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23
Q

Drawbacks of phylogenetic species concept

A
  • defining the amount of difference to distinguish speerate species
  • difficult to apply to fossil species
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24
Q

Morphological species concept

A

Classifies organisms based on observable physical traits

Can be applied to asexual and fossil

Drawback:
-subjectivity in deciding which traits to uses

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25
Q

Ecological species concept

A

Groups of organisms that share certain traits that have been shaped by natural selection to fill distinct niche

  • if sexually reproducing, must be actually or potentially interbreeding
  • discrete lineage
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26
Q

Community ecology

A

How different populations interact affecting each other’s growth and survival

-study interactions

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27
Q

Communities

A

Assemblages of populations of different species

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28
Q

Landscape ecology

A

Spatial patterns and underlying mechanisms

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29
Q

Ecosystem ecology

A

Study of whole living systems (biotic and abiotic) with focus on energy flow and nutrient cycling

-how nutrients brought in from outside support non-photosynthetic-based ecosystems

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30
Q

Biome

A

Result of interaction between temperature and precipitation (similar climate) which defines similar vegetation

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31
Q

Tundra

A

Very cold and dry. Small plants. Ground remains frozen year round. Thick fur.

  • no trees
  • permafrost: layer of permanent frozen soil
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32
Q

Northern coniferous forest, tiaga or boreal forest

A

Cold and relativity dry. Abundant evergreen trees. Only some mammals and birds stay year round

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33
Q

Temperate coniferous forest, temperate rain forest

A

Mild winters. Cool summers. Abundant rain. Large evergreens. Amphibians. Mammals and fish
-largest terrestrial biome. Carbon storage.

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34
Q

Temperate deciduous forest

A

Warm summers. Cool winters. Consistent rainfall. Trees and migratory animals are common.

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35
Q

Temperate grassland

A

Hot summers. Cold winters. Moderately moist. Fires and grazing prevent tree growth.

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36
Q

Mediterranean shrubland, chaparral

A

Hot and dry summers. Cool and most winters. Plants resistant to fire and drought thrives.

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37
Q

Desert

A

Always dry. Might be cool or hot. Plants store water. Most animals active at night.

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38
Q

Tropical savana

A

Warm year round. Wet and dry seasons. Few trees or shrubs. Herding animals.

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39
Q

Grasslands

A

Grasses and Forbes. Occasional fires. Nutrient rich soil.

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40
Q

Tropical rainforest

A

Warm and wet. High species diversity. Competition for lift intense. Nutrient poor soil and low organic matter.

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41
Q

Lakes and ponds

A

Phytoplanton( primary producers). Zooplankton and fish (consumers).

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42
Q

Rivers

A

Fast moving. Clear areas and have different producers and consumer

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43
Q

Open ocean

A

Low productivity per unit area. Dead organisms provide food for consumers.

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44
Q

Estuaries

A

Nutrient rich areas where rice meets ocean. Organisms tolerate extreme shifts in salinity.

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45
Q

Intertidal zone

A

Are between high and low tide. Tolerate being exposed or covered with water.

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46
Q

Coral reefs

A

Built by coral animals. Algae( primary producers). Diverse consumers.

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47
Q

Mark and recapture

A

marked in second sample/total caught in second sample= #marked in first/size of whole population

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48
Q

Random

Dispersion

A

Occurs in absence of strong attraction or repulsion amount individuals. Uncommon.

49
Q

Uniform or regular

A

Result of interactions among individuals

  • competition
  • territoriality
  • human intervention
50
Q

Sexual dimorphism

A

When 2 species differ greatly in appearance

51
Q

Metamorphosis

A

When individual differ in appearance because of dramatic transformations as they age

52
Q

Exponential growth model

A

Best when resources plentiful. Species differ in maximal growth

53
Q

Intrinsic growth rate

A

Decreases with size and longevity of organisms

54
Q

Carrying capacity

A

Mac number of individuals a given environment can sustain

55
Q

Lag time

A

Time it takes between reaching carrying capacity and slowdown in reproduction

  • overshoot K
  • exhibit population cycles or chaotic behavior
56
Q

Metapopulations

A

Populations or populations.

Exhibit own dynamics. With localized extinction and recolonization of unoccupied areas.

57
Q

Semelparity

A

Reproducing just once and they die. Strategy in unpredictable environment.

58
Q

Iterparous

A

Having multi repel it every episodes. But produce fewer offspring per episode.
Parents live longer. Saving resources for growth, survivorship and future reproduction

59
Q

Cohort

A

A group of organisms born at the same time

60
Q

S(X+1)

A

= S(X)-D(X)

Number of individual alive at age X

61
Q

D(X)

A

=S(X)-S(X+1)

Number of individuals dying between age x and x+1

62
Q

L(x)

A

=S(x)/S(0)

Proportion of newborns alive at age x

63
Q

M(x)

A

Expected number of female offspring born to a female at age x

64
Q

Life expectancy

A

Sum of l(x)

65
Q

Net reproductive rate

A

Sum of the l(x)*m(x)

Number of daughters a female can expect to produce in her lifetime

66
Q

Generation time

A

Sum of xl(x)m(x) divided by Ro

67
Q

Spatial structure

A

Emergent property of community.

Way species are distributed relative to each other.

68
Q

Temporal structure

A

Emergent property of community.

Timing of appearance and activity of species.

69
Q

Interspecific interactions

A

Competition: when 2 species niches overlap.

Predation/parasitism/herbivore

70
Q

Niches

A

Species coexist if niches differ
Niches differ when limited shares resource is partitioned
Leads to character displacement

71
Q

Shannon diversity index

A

Sum of -pi*ln(pi)

Pi= number/ total number of species

72
Q

Keystone species

A

Have disproportionate impact on species diversity

Impact on community is larger than its abundance
Holds rest of community in place

73
Q

Invasive species

A

Introduced species into non native habitats

74
Q

Disturbances

A

Damage and change community structure

75
Q

Latitudinal gradients

A

Species richness great pet in tropic and declined along equatorial polar gradient

76
Q

Species area curve

A

Quantifies the idea that all other factors being equal. A larger geographic area has more species

77
Q

Succession

A

Directional change in community composition at a site following natural or anthropogenic disturbance

Primary: occurs after catastrophic. Starts bare rocks.
Secondary: after non-catastrophic. Starting point low population size

78
Q

Disturbance

A

Discrete events that damage or kill residents on a place and potentially Crete oppurtuinites for other to grow
Catastrophic: kills all residents, sterile
Non-catastrophic: doesn’t wipe out all organisms, leaves residual

79
Q

Colonizer

A

Tolerate abiotically harsh environment. Make soils retain moisture.
Invade sterile environment
Arrival of community builders.

80
Q

Early and later arriving species are linked. Early arrivals may…

A

Facilitate. Inhibit or tolerate later arrivals

81
Q

Facilitation

A

Early colonized modify environment suited for late arrivals. Negatively impacting themselves. Speed succession

82
Q

Inhibiton

A

Early species may suppress the growth of later species. Next stage only when early
Species die.

83
Q

Tolerance

A

Early species no effect. Depends on competitive abilities and life histories.

84
Q

Climax community

A

More or less final stage of succession. By slow rates of change. Dominated by species tolerant of competition for resources.

85
Q

F. E clements

A

Single climax state(end point)

86
Q

H. Gleason

A

Open system. Random events. Multiple

Climax communities.

87
Q

Direct interactions.

A

Count arrows. Pair-wise interactions. Competition. Predation. Mutualism

88
Q

Indirect effects

A

Resource competition. Apparent competition. Tropic cascade. Indirect mutualism.

89
Q

Resource competition.

A

Shared prey. Negative effect of one species on another via shared resource.

90
Q

Apparent competition

A

Shared predator. Negative effect of one species on another via shared predator.

91
Q

Tropic cascade

A

Indirect effect of a top predator on lower trophies levels via intermediate species.
Lethal: predators prevent over-grazing by killing herbivores
Non-lethal: predators prevent overgrazing by freight ending herbivores.
Green world: odd trophies number
Brown world: even tropic number

92
Q

Energetic hypothesis

A

Length is limited by inefficient energy transfer

93
Q

Dynamic stability hypothesis

A

Long food chains are less stable.

94
Q

Indirect mutualism

A

A positive indirect effect of two predators on each other via distinct prey that compete

95
Q

Competition

A 
Using antagonistic behaviors (interference direct competition)
Depressing abundance (exploitative indirect competition)
96
Q

Competitive exclusion

A

Local elimination of a competing species

2 species competing for same looting resource having similar niches cannot coexist.

97
Q

Fundamental niche

A

Niche potentially occupied by species. No competiton.

98
Q

Realized niche

A

Niche actually occupied by species. Competition.

99
Q

Predation

A

When one species consumes all or some of another population to detriment of prey.

100
Q

Bayesian mimicry

A

Edible animal is protected by its resemblance to a noxious one that is avoided by predators.

101
Q

Mullarian mimicry

A

Two or more unpalatable species resemble each other a shared protective device

102
Q

Mutualism

A

Both species benefit.
Obligate: where one species cannot live without the other
Facultative: where both species can survive alone

103
Q

Commensalism

A

One species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped

104
Q

First photosynthetic organism

A

Cyanobacteria

105
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Process of carbon fixation

Root cause of biodiversity

106
Q

How much energy passed on to next trophies level

A

Rule of ten: 10%

Reason why big large animals are rare. No sufficient energy on highest trophies level

107
Q

Total primary production

A

Amount of light energy converted to chemical energy by autotrophs/unit time. GPP

108
Q

Net primary production

A

NPP= GPP- energy loss in respiration

Expressed as energy or biomass/area/time

109
Q

Carbon liberation

A
  1. respiration: when organisms respire C sent back into atmosphere. If not eaten, C may enter C reservoir in soil.
  2. burning firewood/fossil fuel
  3. volcanic activity
110
Q

Fast and slow phase

A
  1. Fast: gas phase, local cycle. Intensive

2. Slow sedimentary phase: less intensive. Weathering involved. Global.

111
Q

Nitrogen cycle

A

Building blocks of protein and nucleus acids.

Important fertilizer.

112
Q

Biological N fixation

A

Free living soil bacteria and Cyanobacteria convert N2 into ammonium and ammonia

Symbiotic bacteria can fix nitrogen to ammonia

113
Q

Atmospheric N fixation

A

Lightening converts atmospheric N2 into NO3-

114
Q

Nitrification

A

Many bacteria convert species ammonia and ammonium into nitrite

Some others convert nitrite to nitrate ( readily absorbed by plants)

115
Q

De-nitrification

A

Many bacteria convert nitrates into atmospheric N2

116
Q

Phosphorus cycle

A

Main constituent of energy-rich compound ATP, cell
Memebranes and nucleic acids
No gas phase
Exsists is rocks/ocean sediments as salts(PO43-)
Weathering releases PO4 to plants to absorb

117
Q

Eutrophication

A

Of aquatic systems may result from increased levels of nitrogen from feedlots and applications of large amounts of fertilizers

Algal growth on a pond resulting from
Nutrient pollution. Degrades aquatic ecosystems.

118
Q

Biomagnification

A

Increases in concentration of a pollutant as it passes from on trophies level to the next.

Bio 101 (18 decks)

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