Exam 1: Ch 52,54,55,56 Flashcards
1
Q
Emergent properties
A
Set of phenomena that can be explained at a particular hierarchical level
Ex: territoriality. Species richness. Ant colonies.
2
Q
Alpha diversity
A
Within a habitat
3
Q
Beta diversity
A
Between habitats
4
Q
Gama diversity
A
On a larger landscape
5
Q
Ecology
A
Study of distribution and abundance of organisms and their interactions with the environment
6
Q
Cosmopolitan species
A
Worldwide in distribution
7
Q
Endemic species
A
Found in small, Restricted area.
8
Q
Dispersal
A
Movement Of individuals away from centers from their area of origin
Contributes to global distribution
9
Q
Gondwana distribution
A
Occur in southern continents of Australia, South Africa, and South America
Over 150 m yrs ago they were linked together
10
Q
Dispersal limitations
A
Not all areas accessible.
Reason why species isn’t everywhere
11
Q
Behavior and habitat selection
A
Some organisms don’t occupy all their potential range
Distribution may be limited by habitat selection behavior
Reason why species isn’t everywhere
12
Q
Biotic factors
A
Interactions with other species. Predations and competition
Reason why species isn’t everywhere
13
Q
Abiotic factors
A
Temperature. Water. Sunlight. Rocks and soil.
Vary in space and time.
Reason why species isn’t everywhere
14
Q
Individual organisms
A
Single, discreet, organism
Distinction between individuals sometimes non existent
15
Q
Behavioral ecology
A
Study of how behavior of individuals affects their survive and reproduce (adaptation)
16
Q
Physiological ecology
A
How physical factors affect organisms survival and reproduction
17
Q
Evolutionary ecology
A
How environment influences organisms evolution
18
Q
Population ecology
A
How population grow, shrink, or remain stable. Depending on the nature of species, many factors affect growth
19
Q
Population
A
Group of interbreeding individuals of same species living in the same place
Exhibits emergent properties
- abundance
- age structure
- density-dependence
20
Q
Biological species concept
A
Group of actually or potentially interbreeding sexual organisms producing fertile offspring
21
Q
Drawbacks of biological species concept
A
- Cannot be used with asexual organism
- interbreeding under natural conditions hard to test
- some species look different but can interbreed
- difficult to apply extinct species
22
Q
Phylogenetic species concept
A
Smallest group of individuals that shares a common ancestor and thus forms one branch of tree of life
Org. Morphology or DNA compared
23
Q
Drawbacks of phylogenetic species concept
A
- defining the amount of difference to distinguish speerate species
- difficult to apply to fossil species
24
Q
Morphological species concept
A
Classifies organisms based on observable physical traits
Can be applied to asexual and fossil
Drawback:
-subjectivity in deciding which traits to uses
25
Ecological species concept
Groups of organisms that share certain traits that have been shaped by natural selection to fill distinct niche
- if sexually reproducing, must be actually or potentially interbreeding
- discrete lineage
26
Community ecology
How different populations interact affecting each other's growth and survival
-study interactions
27
Communities
Assemblages of populations of different species
28
Landscape ecology
Spatial patterns and underlying mechanisms
29
Ecosystem ecology
Study of whole living systems (biotic and abiotic) with focus on energy flow and nutrient cycling
-how nutrients brought in from outside support non-photosynthetic-based ecosystems
30
Biome
Result of interaction between temperature and precipitation (similar climate) which defines similar vegetation
31
Tundra
Very cold and dry. Small plants. Ground remains frozen year round. Thick fur.
- no trees
- permafrost: layer of permanent frozen soil
32
Northern coniferous forest, tiaga or boreal forest
Cold and relativity dry. Abundant evergreen trees. Only some mammals and birds stay year round
33
Temperate coniferous forest, temperate rain forest
Mild winters. Cool summers. Abundant rain. Large evergreens. Amphibians. Mammals and fish
-largest terrestrial biome. Carbon storage.
34
Temperate deciduous forest
Warm summers. Cool winters. Consistent rainfall. Trees and migratory animals are common.
35
Temperate grassland
Hot summers. Cold winters. Moderately moist. Fires and grazing prevent tree growth.
36
Mediterranean shrubland, chaparral
Hot and dry summers. Cool and most winters. Plants resistant to fire and drought thrives.
37
Desert
Always dry. Might be cool or hot. Plants store water. Most animals active at night.
38
Tropical savana
Warm year round. Wet and dry seasons. Few trees or shrubs. Herding animals.
39
Grasslands
Grasses and Forbes. Occasional fires. Nutrient rich soil.
40
Tropical rainforest
Warm and wet. High species diversity. Competition for lift intense. Nutrient poor soil and low organic matter.
41
Lakes and ponds
Phytoplanton( primary producers). Zooplankton and fish (consumers).
42
Rivers
Fast moving. Clear areas and have different producers and consumer
43
Open ocean
Low productivity per unit area. Dead organisms provide food for consumers.
44
Estuaries
Nutrient rich areas where rice meets ocean. Organisms tolerate extreme shifts in salinity.
45
Intertidal zone
Are between high and low tide. Tolerate being exposed or covered with water.
46
Coral reefs
Built by coral animals. Algae( primary producers). Diverse consumers.
47
Mark and recapture
#marked in second sample/total caught in second sample= #marked in first/size of whole population
48
Random
| Dispersion
Occurs in absence of strong attraction or repulsion amount individuals. Uncommon.
49
Uniform or regular
Result of interactions among individuals
- competition
- territoriality
- human intervention
50
Sexual dimorphism
When 2 species differ greatly in appearance
51
Metamorphosis
When individual differ in appearance because of dramatic transformations as they age
52
Exponential growth model
Best when resources plentiful. Species differ in maximal growth
53
Intrinsic growth rate
Decreases with size and longevity of organisms
54
Carrying capacity
Mac number of individuals a given environment can sustain
55
Lag time
Time it takes between reaching carrying capacity and slowdown in reproduction
- overshoot K
- exhibit population cycles or chaotic behavior
56
Metapopulations
Populations or populations.
| Exhibit own dynamics. With localized extinction and recolonization of unoccupied areas.
57
Semelparity
Reproducing just once and they die. Strategy in unpredictable environment.
58
Iterparous
Having multi repel it every episodes. But produce fewer offspring per episode.
Parents live longer. Saving resources for growth, survivorship and future reproduction
59
Cohort
A group of organisms born at the same time
60
S(X+1)
= S(X)-D(X)
| Number of individual alive at age X
61
D(X)
=S(X)-S(X+1)
| Number of individuals dying between age x and x+1
62
L(x)
=S(x)/S(0)
| Proportion of newborns alive at age x
63
M(x)
Expected number of female offspring born to a female at age x
64
Life expectancy
Sum of l(x)
65
Net reproductive rate
Sum of the l(x)*m(x)
| Number of daughters a female can expect to produce in her lifetime
66
Generation time
Sum of x*l(x)*m(x) divided by Ro
67
Spatial structure
Emergent property of community.
| Way species are distributed relative to each other.
68
Temporal structure
Emergent property of community.
| Timing of appearance and activity of species.
69
Interspecific interactions
Competition: when 2 species niches overlap.
| Predation/parasitism/herbivore
70
Niches
Species coexist if niches differ
Niches differ when limited shares resource is partitioned
Leads to character displacement
71
Shannon diversity index
Sum of -pi*ln(pi)
| Pi= number/ total number of species
72
Keystone species
Have disproportionate impact on species diversity
Impact on community is larger than its abundance
Holds rest of community in place
73
Invasive species
Introduced species into non native habitats
74
Disturbances
Damage and change community structure
75
Latitudinal gradients
Species richness great pet in tropic and declined along equatorial polar gradient
76
Species area curve
Quantifies the idea that all other factors being equal. A larger geographic area has more species
77
Succession
Directional change in community composition at a site following natural or anthropogenic disturbance
Primary: occurs after catastrophic. Starts bare rocks.
Secondary: after non-catastrophic. Starting point low population size
78
Disturbance
Discrete events that damage or kill residents on a place and potentially Crete oppurtuinites for other to grow
Catastrophic: kills all residents, sterile
Non-catastrophic: doesn't wipe out all organisms, leaves residual
79
Colonizer
Tolerate abiotically harsh environment. Make soils retain moisture.
Invade sterile environment
Arrival of community builders.
80
Early and later arriving species are linked. Early arrivals may...
Facilitate. Inhibit or tolerate later arrivals
81
Facilitation
Early colonized modify environment suited for late arrivals. Negatively impacting themselves. Speed succession
82
Inhibiton
Early species may suppress the growth of later species. Next stage only when early
Species die.
83
Tolerance
Early species no effect. Depends on competitive abilities and life histories.
84
Climax community
More or less final stage of succession. By slow rates of change. Dominated by species tolerant of competition for resources.
85
F. E clements
Single climax state(end point)
86
H. Gleason
Open system. Random events. Multiple
| Climax communities.
87
Direct interactions.
Count arrows. Pair-wise interactions. Competition. Predation. Mutualism
88
Indirect effects
Resource competition. Apparent competition. Tropic cascade. Indirect mutualism.
89
Resource competition.
Shared prey. Negative effect of one species on another via shared resource.
90
Apparent competition
Shared predator. Negative effect of one species on another via shared predator.
91
Tropic cascade
Indirect effect of a top predator on lower trophies levels via intermediate species.
Lethal: predators prevent over-grazing by killing herbivores
Non-lethal: predators prevent overgrazing by freight ending herbivores.
Green world: odd trophies number
Brown world: even tropic number
92
Energetic hypothesis
Length is limited by inefficient energy transfer
93
Dynamic stability hypothesis
Long food chains are less stable.
94
Indirect mutualism
A positive indirect effect of two predators on each other via distinct prey that compete
95
Competition
```
Using antagonistic behaviors (interference direct competition)
Depressing abundance (exploitative indirect competition)
```
96
Competitive exclusion
Local elimination of a competing species
| 2 species competing for same looting resource having similar niches cannot coexist.
97
Fundamental niche
Niche potentially occupied by species. No competiton.
98
Realized niche
Niche actually occupied by species. Competition.
99
Predation
When one species consumes all or some of another population to detriment of prey.
100
Bayesian mimicry
Edible animal is protected by its resemblance to a noxious one that is avoided by predators.
101
Mullarian mimicry
Two or more unpalatable species resemble each other a shared protective device
102
Mutualism
Both species benefit.
Obligate: where one species cannot live without the other
Facultative: where both species can survive alone
103
Commensalism
One species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped
104
First photosynthetic organism
Cyanobacteria
105
Photosynthesis
Process of carbon fixation
| Root cause of biodiversity
106
How much energy passed on to next trophies level
Rule of ten: 10%
| Reason why big large animals are rare. No sufficient energy on highest trophies level
107
Total primary production
Amount of light energy converted to chemical energy by autotrophs/unit time. GPP
108
Net primary production
NPP= GPP- energy loss in respiration
| Expressed as energy or biomass/area/time
109
Carbon liberation
1. respiration: when organisms respire C sent back into atmosphere. If not eaten, C may enter C reservoir in soil.
2. burning firewood/fossil fuel
3. volcanic activity
110
Fast and slow phase
1. Fast: gas phase, local cycle. Intensive
| 2. Slow sedimentary phase: less intensive. Weathering involved. Global.
111
Nitrogen cycle
Building blocks of protein and nucleus acids.
| Important fertilizer.
112
Biological N fixation
Free living soil bacteria and Cyanobacteria convert N2 into ammonium and ammonia
Symbiotic bacteria can fix nitrogen to ammonia
113
Atmospheric N fixation
Lightening converts atmospheric N2 into NO3-
114
Nitrification
Many bacteria convert species ammonia and ammonium into nitrite
Some others convert nitrite to nitrate ( readily absorbed by plants)
115
De-nitrification
Many bacteria convert nitrates into atmospheric N2
116
Phosphorus cycle
Main constituent of energy-rich compound ATP, cell
Memebranes and nucleic acids
No gas phase
Exsists is rocks/ocean sediments as salts(PO43-)
Weathering releases PO4 to plants to absorb
117
Eutrophication
Of aquatic systems may result from increased levels of nitrogen from feedlots and applications of large amounts of fertilizers
Algal growth on a pond resulting from
Nutrient pollution. Degrades aquatic ecosystems.
118
Biomagnification
Increases in concentration of a pollutant as it passes from on trophies level to the next.
