Genetics Flashcards
Chromatin
A long thin strand of DNA
Chromosome
A short, coiled strand of DNA
Gene
A sequence of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a trait
Allele
Different forms of a gene
Genotype
Genetic makeup of an organism
Phenotype
The traits you have because of the genes you have.
Heredity
The transfer of traits from parent to offspring
Inheritance
The receiving of traits by the offspring
Mutation
Change in DNA that may result in a new phenotype.
Germ cell mutation
Occurs in the gametes. It does not affect the organism but is passed to the offspring.
Somatic cell mutation
Occurs in the body cells. Passed to daughter cells by mitosis
Chromosome mutations
Affected in the chromosomes
Deletion
A piece of the chromosome is deleted
Inversion
A section of chromosomes breaks off and re-attaches in the opposite direction.
Translocation
A section breaks from one chromosome and attached to another.
Nondisjunction
When chromosomes pairs fail to separate during meiosis
Monosomy
When a zygote has only 1 chromosome of a particular pair
Turner syndrome
It is caused by monosomy
Trisomy
When a zygote has 3 of a particular chromosome
Down syndrome
It is cause by trisomy
Kleinfelter syndrome
It is cause by trisomy
Gene mutation
It may involve a single nitrogen base or a larger segment of a gene
Polyploidy
When a chromosome has an extra set of chromosomes in its cell.
Frame shift mutations
Point mutation in which a nitrogen base is added or deleted.
Point mutation
The substitution addition or deletion of a single nitrogen base from a codon
Mutagens
Environmental factors that damage DNA.
What is an example of a mutagen.
1) sunlight
2) radiation
3) some viruses
Sex chromosomes
Chromosomes that determine an individual’s gender.
Autosomes
All the chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes.
Sex linked trait
A trait determined by genes found on the X chromosome.
Linkage group
All the genes located on one chromosome.
Crossing over
Homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material during meiosis
Chromosome map
Diagram of alleles position on a chromosome
Map unit
Distance between alleles on a chromosome
Pedigree
A chart that shows how a trait is inherited over several generations in a family.
Multiple allele trait
A gene with more than 2 alleles
Photosynthesis
NRG(light) + H2O + CO2»_space;> O2 + CHO
Cellular respiration
CHO + O2»_space; CO2 + H2O + ATP(light)
Karyotype
Chromosomes are photographed, cut out of the photograph and grouped in pairs
Polygenic trait
Traits controlled by 2 or more genes
DNA replication
Making more DNA
RNA transcription
Making more RNA
Mitochondria
Used food and O2 to make ATP through cellular respiration
Ribsomes
Produces proteins
Cell membrane
Controls what enters and leaves the cell.
Ames test
a test to determine the mutagenic activity of chemicals by observing whether they cause mutations in sample bacteria.
What is mitosis
Division of the nucleus that results in somatic cells
What is PMAT?
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
What happens during prophase?
Chromatinbecomeschromosome Nuclearenvelopandnucleolus break down Centriolesseparatetothepolesandspindle
fibersform
What happens during metaphase?
Chromosomeslineupinthemiddle
ofthecell
What happens during anaphase ?
Chromosomesmovetooppositeends ofthecell
What happens during telophase?
Chromosomesgo back to chromatin.
Nuclearenvelopandnucleolusforms. Centriolesmoveformthepolesandspindle
fibersbreaks down
Duplication
An extra chromosome copy of a portion of a chromosome is produced
