Genetics Flashcards
process of changing the DNA in living organisms to create something new
involves artificial manipulation, modification, and recombination of DNA or other nucleic acid molecules to modify an organism or population of organisms.
Genetic Engineering
done to indirectly manipulate genes focusing on the physical traits among organisms.
Artificial Selection
process when animals with desired characteristics are mated to produce offspring with those desired traits
Selective/Classical breeding
when two individuals with unlike characteristics are crossed to produce the best in both organisms like the disease resistant potato called the Burbank potato
Hybridizations
is a technique of breeding organisms that are genetically similar to maintain desired traits found in the pure dog breeds
Inbreeding
What are the steps in classical breeding?
- Determine which traits are significant enough to be chosen.
- Select parents that exemplify these traits
- Choose the best offspring from parents to produce the next generation
- Repeat the process
What are the ancient practices of genetic engineering?
Artificial breeding, Classical breeding, Hybridization and Inbreeding.
Inserting the desired gene into the genome of the host involves the selection of the desired gene for administration into the host followed by a selection of the perfect vector with which the gene has to be integrated.
Recombinant DNA technology
What are the applications of recombinant DNA technology?
Diagnosis of genetic diseases, DNA typing, Gene therapy, Hepatitis B Vaccine and synthesis of human insulin
A technique scientists use to make exact genetic copies of living things.
Cloning
DNA is cut out of one organism and put into another organism. A trait will be transferred from one organism to another.
Gene splicing
a plant, animal, microorganism or other organism whose genetic makeup has been modified in a laboratory using genetic engineering or transgenic technology.
Transgenic organism
Applications of GMO
Research
Clothing
Fuel
Pharmaceuticals
Vaccine
Agriculture
GMO Animals have even been used to grow transplant tissues and human transplant organs
Xenotransplantation
Study of controversial ethics brought about by advances in biology and medicine.
Bio-ethics
Austrian monk who developed much of the concepts and principles of genetics
Gregor Mendel
alternate form of a gene for a particular trait found at the same location of two different chromosomes
Allele
trait being expressed in an organism
Dominant trait
trait masked by a dominant trait
Recessive trait
genetic makeup of an organism
Genotype
– refers to the physical traits of an organism based on the organism’s makeup
Phenotype
refers to the same alleles for the same trait
Homozygous
refers to two different alleles for the same trait
Heterozygous
diagram used to show the results of crossing two organisms
Punnet square
It is a cross involving a single trait with two alleles
Monohybrid cross
It is a cross involving two traits with four possible alleles
Dihybrid cross
one trait always dominates the other
Law of dominance
half of the genetic information will be passed by each of the parent.
Law of segregation
states that allele pairs separate from one another during gamete formation.
Law of independent assortment
a theory stating that genetic information flows only in one direction, from DNA to RNA, to protein, or RNA directly to protein.
Central Dogma
What are the three processes of central dogma?
Replication, Transcription and translation
During DNA replication, DNA is ___
copied to make more DNA
During transcription, DNA is ____
copied to RNA
During translation, RNA is ____
read to create proteins
