Cell Cycle Flashcards
The continuity of life is based on the reproduction
of cells, or cell division.
cell cycle
What are the three stages in interphase?
- G1 Phase
- S Phase
- G2 Phase
What are the 5 stages in Mitosis?
- Prophase
- Metaphase
- Anaphase
- Telophase
- Cytokinesis
Determine the phase:
Carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins and enzymes are
produced in preparation for
S & M Phase; increase in cell size and volume
G1 Phase
Determine the phase:
Cells commit to divide if
nutrients and cell size is
sufficient
G1 (G1/S) Checkpoint
growth factors; Cyclin and Cyclin dependent kinases (CDK)
Stimulating Protein
TP53 protein; Retinoblastoma
protein (Rb)
Inhibiting Protein
Determine the phase:
Toward the end of the G1
phase, a cell can “exit” the cell
cycle when it receives a signal
to differentiate, or when
resources are insufficient to
grow and divide; resting phase
G0 Phase
Determine the phase:
DNA that will be passed on daughter cells in M phase is replicated; production of centrosomes
S Phase (Synthesis)
Determine the phase:
Replenishment of energy
and synthesis of tubulin
dimers are produced; Cell increase in size and volume
G2 Phase
Ensures that all DNA are
completely and correctly
replicated; Cells proceeds to M phase if cell size and nutrients are sufficient
G2 (G/M) Checkpoint
It is the most common form
of cell division in somatic
eukaryotic cells
Mitosis
two genetically identical cells
are produced. It is a
fundamental process during
growth and tissue repair.
Mitosis
As the cell prepares for reproduction, it duplicates its DNA and takes the necessary internal and external measures to successfully undergo the process; The period between two consecutive mitoses
Interphase
The nuclear envelope starts to break down; Chromatin undergoes progressive
condensation due to supercoiling, resulting
in the formation of chromosomes; The centrosome duplicates
Prophase
The chromosomes align at the cell’s equator, with the fibers of the mitotic spindle; Microtubules attach to each centromere of the chromosomes.
Metaphase
It is the crucial phase of mitosis
because it is when the distribution of the original genetic information occurs; The two groups of chromosomes (which are identical) move apart thanks to the microtubules toward opposite poles of the cell.
Anaphase
The microtubules that aided in
the migration disappear; The chromosomes start to
decondense, exposing the DNA and initiating the processes characteristic of an independent cell; Two new nuclear envelopes begin to
form
Telophase
physical separation of
the cytoplasm; A contractile ring composed of actin and myosin microfilaments forms, constricting the cell; A cleavage furrow forms, ultimately
separating the two daughter cells
Cytokinesis
Nuclear division; the nucleus passes through a series of uninterrupted changes before forming two daughter nuclei
Karyokinesis
form a protein structure that divides the genetic material in a cell; during mitosis, these are called mitotic spindle
Spindle fibers
one of the two identical halves of a chromosome that has been replicated in preparation for cell division
Chromatid
structure in a chromosome that holds together the two chromatids
Centromere
In G1 phase, how many hours does this phase take?
10 hours
In S phase, how many hours does this phase take?
8 hours
In G2 phase, how many hours does this phase take?
4 hours
In mitosis, how many hours does this process take?
2 hours
What are the stimulating protein during G1/S checkpoint?
Growth factors
Cyclin and cyclin dependent kinases (CDK)
What are the inhibiting proteins during G1/S checkpoint?
TP53 protein
Retinoblastoma protein (Rb)
What does TP53 stands for?
Tumor prevention protein
During G1/S checkpoint, it is responsible for killing cells
Retinoblastoma protein (Rb)
What are the two phases of G0?
Resting phase or non-dividing phase
What is the stimulating protein during G2 checkpoint?
Cyclin and Cyclin dependent kinases (CDK)
What is the inhibiting protein during G2 checkpoint?
TP53 protein
Determine the syndrome:
It is common for females, lacking an X chromosome
Turner syndrome
Determine the syndrome:
A syndrome that has extra Y chromosome ( only found in men )
Jacobs syndrome
